Definition and meaning of Article 10 of the League Covenant:

Article 10 of the League Covenant

Article 10 of the League of Nations Covenant in the Treaty of Versailles bound signatories to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations. Of all the treaty conditions, it provoked the most opposition to ratification in the U.S. Senate.

(Source: Madrid Waddington High School )

Also see these pages:  American History, American History Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Polishing

• To dream of polishing any article, high attainments will place you in enviable positions.

Source: 10 000 Dream Interpretations, by Gustavus Hindman Miller

(See also: Dream Archives, Meaning of Dreams, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary - Polishing, Meaning of Dreams about Polishing, Dream Interpretation Polishing)

LSP dictionaries may cover one language (monolingual LSP dictionaries) or two languages (bilingual LSP dictionaries), and occasionally more languages. An LSP dictionary that attempts to cover as much of the vocabulary in a subject field as possible is called a maximizing dictionary, and an LSP dictionary that attempts to cover a limited number of terms within a subject field is called a minimizing dictionary. An LSP dictionary that covers more than one subject field is called a multi-field dictionary, an LSP dictionary that covers one ...

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LSP dictionary, LSP dictionary - LSP dictionaries and users, LSP dictionary - Different types of LSP dictionary, LSP dictionary - Relevant literature

Definition and meaning of Judicial Review

Judicial Review

The three branches of government -- legislative, executive and judicial --were established to balance power, but the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law. The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting and applying laws and ensuring that they are constitutional. In the early 1800s the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review. Acting within the powers of Article III, the judicial branch strengthened federal authority over state and private authority when the issue threatened rights established in the Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that a law passed by Congress in 1789 was unconstitutional. Marshall stressed that "the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of legislature. . . and must govern."

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Judicial Review

Judicial Review

The three branches of government -- legislative, executive and judicial --were established to balance power, but the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law. The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting and applying laws and ensuring that they are constitutional. In the early 1800s the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review. Acting within the powers of Article III, the judicial branch strengthened federal authority over state and private authority when the issue threatened rights established in the Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that a law passed by Congress in 1789 was unconstitutional. Marshall stressed that "the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of legislature. . . and must govern."

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Article V of the U.S. Constitution outlines the procedures for making changes or amending the document. The delegates to the convention knew that the constitution needed flexibility to survive. Amendments are proposed by two-thirds vote of both houses of the U.S. Congress or by a convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the states. Proposed amendments must be ratified by three-fourths of the states before they are adopted. Only 27 amendments have been added since the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1787. Two of the most recent include the 26th Amendment, adopted in 1971, which reduced the voting age to 18 years, and the 27th Amendment, adopted in 1992, which addresses congressional pay raises. Each amendment is significant but several are more central to the daily lives of citizens than others. These include the Bill of Rights (1791), the first ten amendments to the Constitution; the 13th Amendment (1865) which abolished slavery; the 14th Amendment (1868) which guaranteed civil rights to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and protection of their rights by due process of the law; the 15th Amendment (1870) which extended the right to vote to black citizens of the United States; and the 19th Amendment (1920) which gave women the right to vote.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Judicial Activism

Judicial Activism - [Government]

Judicial activism is a term that describes the process of issuing judicial decisions to shape national policies. Those who support judicial activism believe the courts should be aggressive in applying the U.S. Constitution to address social and political issues. Between 1953 and 1969, Chief Justice Earl Warren practiced judicial activism, using the process of judicial review to address issues related to civil rights. The principle of judicial review dates back to the 1803 decision Marbury v. Madison when Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that "the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of legislature. . . and must govern." By acting within the powers of Article III, the judicial branch under Marshall strengthened federal authority over state and private authority when an issue threatened rights protected in the Constitution.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English, CIDE for short, was derived from the 1913 Webster's Dictionary and has been supplemented with some of the definitions from WordNet. It is being proof-read and supplemented by volunteers from around the world. This electronic dictionary is also made available as a potential starting point for development of a modern comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary, to be accessible freely on the Internet, and developed by the effor ...

Definition and meaning of Judicial Activism

Judicial Activism - [Government]

Judicial activism is a term that describes the process of issuing judicial decisions to shape national policies. Those who support judicial activism believe the courts should be aggressive in applying the U.S. Constitution to address social and political issues. Between 1953 and 1969, Chief Justice Earl Warren practiced judicial activism, using the process of judicial review to address issues related to civil rights. The principle of judicial review dates back to the 1803 decision Marbury v. Madison when Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that "the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of legislature. . . and must govern." By acting within the powers of Article III, the judicial branch under Marshall strengthened federal authority over state and private authority when an issue threatened rights protected in the Constitution.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Article V of the U.S. Constitution outlines the procedures for making changes or amending the document. The delegates to the convention knew that the constitution needed flexibility to survive. Amendments are proposed by two-thirds vote of both houses of the U.S. Congress or by a convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the states. Proposed amendments must be ratified by three-fourths of the states before they are adopted. Only 27 amendments have been added since the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1787. Two of the most recent include the 26th Amendment, adopted in 1971, which reduced the voting age to 18 years, and the 27th Amendment, adopted in 1992, which addresses congressional pay raises. Each amendment is significant but several are more central to the daily lives of citizens than others. These include the Bill of Rights (1791), the first ten amendments to the Constitution; the 13th Amendment (1865) which abolished slavery; the 14th Amendment (1868) which guaranteed civil rights to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and protection of their rights by due process of the law; the 15th Amendment (1870) which extended the right to vote to black citizens of the United States; and the 19th Amendment (1920) which gave women the right to vote.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Raffle

• If you dream of raffling any article, you will fall a victim to speculation.
• If you are at a church raffle, you will soon find that disappointment is clouding your future. For a young woman, this dream means empty expectations.

Source: 10 000 Dream Interpretations, by Gustavus Hindman Miller

(See also: Dream Archives, Meaning of Dreams, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary - Raffle, Meaning of Dreams about Raffle, Dream Interpretation Raffle)

Definition and meaning of Government Powers as National

Government Powers as National, State, or Shared - [Government]

The Constitution divides some powers between the national and state governments, specifies some powers to be shared by the governments, and denies some power to each level. The principle of dividing the powers between governments, known as federalism, allows for change within the division between the levels of government. The Constitution delegates three types of power to the federal government: expressed, implied, and inherent. Expressed powers are those directly specified in the Constitution, in the first three articles specifically. These include the power to tax, coin money, make war, raise military forces, and regulate interstate commerce. Implied powers are those necessary to satisfy the expressed powers. In order to raise troops, the federal government can institute the draft. Inherent powers are powers that by definition are those of the national government, such as the power to carry out the U.S. Constitution. Powers which the Constitution reserves for state government are reserved powers. According to the 10th Amendment, these are any powers not expressly delegated to the federal government or held by the people nor prohibited to the states. States have the authority to issue licenses, regulate public school systems, and establish government. State laws cannot conflict with national law, and national laws are supreme. Shared or concurrent powers are those shared by state and federal government and include the power to tax, define crime and hold court, and appropriate private property for public use. Other powers are denied to the federal government as specified in Article I, Section 9, or denied to state governments per Article I, Section 10, or protected through the Bill of Rights.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Government Powers as National

Government Powers as National, State, or Shared - [Government]

The Constitution divides some powers between the national and state governments, specifies some powers to be shared by the governments, and denies some power to each level. The principle of dividing the powers between governments, known as federalism, allows for change within the division between the levels of government. The Constitution delegates three types of power to the federal government: expressed, implied, and inherent. Expressed powers are those directly specified in the Constitution, in the first three articles specifically. These include the power to tax, coin money, make war, raise military forces, and regulate interstate commerce. Implied powers are those necessary to satisfy the expressed powers. In order to raise troops, the federal government can institute the draft. Inherent powers are powers that by definition are those of the national government, such as the power to carry out the U.S. Constitution. Powers which the Constitution reserves for state government are reserved powers. According to the 10th Amendment, these are any powers not expressly delegated to the federal government or held by the people nor prohibited to the states. States have the authority to issue licenses, regulate public school systems, and establish government. State laws cannot conflict with national law, and national laws are supreme. Shared or concurrent powers are those shared by state and federal government and include the power to tax, define crime and hold court, and appropriate private property for public use. Other powers are denied to the federal government as specified in Article I, Section 9, or denied to state governments per Article I, Section 10, or protected through the Bill of Rights.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Limits on National and State Government

Limits on National and State Government - [Government]

The U.S. Constitution enacted a system of federalism in which the power to govern is divided between national and state governments. Some authority is exclusively that of the nation and some authority is vested with the states. Other authority is shared by the two. The Constitution specifies the "delegated," "enumerated" or "expressed" powers of the national government. These powers are divided among the three branches of national government. The legislative branch has the power to tax, to regulate commerce, to define the requirements of naturalization, to coin money, and to declare war, among others. The executive branch can command the army, navy and state militias, and appoint and receive foreign ambassadors. The judicial branch decides lawsuits between states and cases that impact foreign ambassadors. Beyond these delegated powers, there are "implied" powers, allowed in Article I, Sec. 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof." The power of both the national and state governments are also limited by the Constitution. These are called "prohibited powers" (Art. 1, Sec. 9 and 10). The 10th Amendment to the Constitution specifies "reserved powers," those powers not delegated or prohibited. While the Constitution does not enumerate powers of the state governments as it does for the national, there are six areas in which state governments have authority: public health, public safety, public welfare, public morals, public convenience, and public education. The powers shared by both the national and state governments are called "concurrent powers." These include the power to tax, borrow money, charter corporations, regulate banks, maintain courts, and establish highways. Conflicts arise as those who favor the rights and sovereignty of state government question the authority of the national government.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Limits on National and State Government

Limits on National and State Government - [Government]

The U.S. Constitution enacted a system of federalism in which the power to govern is divided between national and state governments. Some authority is exclusively that of the nation and some authority is vested with the states. Other authority is shared by the two. The Constitution specifies the "delegated," "enumerated" or "expressed" powers of the national government. These powers are divided among the three branches of national government. The legislative branch has the power to tax, to regulate commerce, to define the requirements of naturalization, to coin money, and to declare war, among others. The executive branch can command the army, navy and state militias, and appoint and receive foreign ambassadors. The judicial branch decides lawsuits between states and cases that impact foreign ambassadors. Beyond these delegated powers, there are "implied" powers, allowed in Article I, Sec. 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof." The power of both the national and state governments are also limited by the Constitution. These are called "prohibited powers" (Art. 1, Sec. 9 and 10). The 10th Amendment to the Constitution specifies "reserved powers," those powers not delegated or prohibited. While the Constitution does not enumerate powers of the state governments as it does for the national, there are six areas in which state governments have authority: public health, public safety, public welfare, public morals, public convenience, and public education. The powers shared by both the national and state governments are called "concurrent powers." These include the power to tax, borrow money, charter corporations, regulate banks, maintain courts, and establish highways. Conflicts arise as those who favor the rights and sovereignty of state government question the authority of the national government.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Cotton

• To dream of young growing cotton-fields, denotes great business and prosperous times. To see cotton ready for gathering, denotes wealth and abundance for farmers.
• For manufacturers to dream of cotton, means that they will be benefited by the advancement of this article. For merchants, it denotes a change for the better in their line of business.
• To see cotton in bales, is a favorable indication for better times.
• To dream that cotton is advancing, denotes an immediate change from low to high prices, and all will be in better circumstances.

Source: 10 000 Dream Interpretations, by Gustavus Hindman Miller

(See also: Dream Archives, Meaning of Dreams, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary - Cotton, Dreams - Meaning of Dream about Cotton, Dream Interpretation Cotton)

Definition and meaning of U.S. Constitution

U.S. Constitution - [Government]

A constitution is a document that outlines the powers of government. One of the foundations of the American system of government is the use of a written constitution defining the values and principles of government and establishing the limits of power.

The U.S. Constitution evolved from the Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781. The Articles established a national congress with a limited number of powers including the authority to make laws and enter into treaties with other nations. By 1787 a new system was needed as states were acting independently, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage, issues critical for the survival of a new nation of united states. Congress announced a call for delegates to a convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation.

The Philadelphia Convention began in the Pennsylvania State House, now called Independence Hall, on May 25, 1787. Fifty-five delegates from 12 of the 13 states participated. The more daring quickly overstepped the intended goal of the convention by proposing plans to replace the old Articles. James Madison formulated many of the ideas included in the Constitution and is known as the "Father of the Constitution." He proposed that the U.S. government be organized in three branches: a legislative branch (Congress), an executive branch (the President) and a judicial branch (Supreme Court). The "Great Compromise" related to representation of states in the federal government. Delegates engaged in heated debate but finally agreed that legislative power should rest in a two-house Congress, the House of Representatives including delegates from each state based on population, and the Senate including an equal number of elected delegates from each state. Article II outlined the executive department and the powers of the President within that branch.

This new form of government distributed the power between a central government and the states, a system called federalism. Other compromises made during the drafting process included the establishment of an Electoral College to elect the president indirectly instead of by direct election, and the "three-fifths compromise" which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person when apportioning direct taxes or counting representation in the House of Representatives. Another compromise related to the slave trade which the convention agreed to end in 1807. Article VII, Ratification of the Constitution, outlined the process which required nine states to approve the U.S. Constitution. The process fostered one of the great debates of Social Studies. The Federalists, who favored a strong central government, supported the Constitution while the Anti-Federalists favored states' rights and the protection of individual rights through a Bill of Rights. They opposed ratification. Madison worked with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to write The Federalist calling for ratification. Delegates elected to state conventions determined the outcome. The first nine states approved the constitution between December 1787 and June 1788. The last four states ratified out of fear of exclusion, believing they could not exist separate from the union. Rhode Island was the last to ratify in May 1790.

The Framers of the Constitution understood that society would change over time, and made provisions for amendments to be formally proposed and ratified by both the state and federal governments. In the last 200 years, there have been 27 amendments to the Constitution, including the Bill of Rights. Informal amendments to the Constitution keep the government up-to-date without formal modifications to the document, such as Court decisions (Roe v. Wade), legislation (commerce laws), executive actions (the President's cabinet), and customs (Democrat/Republican parties). Article V, The Process of Amendment, outlines the ways to keep the Constitution current. The first Congress proposed the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments, which protected basic human rights and freedoms. This pleased Anti-Federalists who felt the original document did not extend adequate protection. The power of judicial review, first assumed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison, allows the federal judicial branch to rule on issues of constitutional law including civil liberties, suspect's rights, equality, women's rights, minority rights, foreign policy, and constitutional change. Through the process of amendment and judicial review, the Constitution is adapted to the needs of each generation of Americans. 

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of U.S. Constitution

U.S. Constitution - [Government]

A constitution is a document that outlines the powers of government. One of the foundations of the American system of government is the use of a written constitution defining the values and principles of government and establishing the limits of power.

The U.S. Constitution evolved from the Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781. The Articles established a national congress with a limited number of powers including the authority to make laws and enter into treaties with other nations. By 1787 a new system was needed as states were acting independently, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage, issues critical for the survival of a new nation of united states. Congress announced a call for delegates to a convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation.

The Philadelphia Convention began in the Pennsylvania State House, now called Independence Hall, on May 25, 1787. Fifty-five delegates from 12 of the 13 states participated. The more daring quickly overstepped the intended goal of the convention by proposing plans to replace the old Articles. James Madison formulated many of the ideas included in the Constitution and is known as the "Father of the Constitution." He proposed that the U.S. government be organized in three branches: a legislative branch (Congress), an executive branch (the President) and a judicial branch (Supreme Court). The "Great Compromise" related to representation of states in the federal government. Delegates engaged in heated debate but finally agreed that legislative power should rest in a two-house Congress, the House of Representatives including delegates from each state based on population, and the Senate including an equal number of elected delegates from each state. Article II outlined the executive department and the powers of the President within that branch.

This new form of government distributed the power between a central government and the states, a system called federalism. Other compromises made during the drafting process included the establishment of an Electoral College to elect the president indirectly instead of by direct election, and the "three-fifths compromise" which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person when apportioning direct taxes or counting representation in the House of Representatives. Another compromise related to the slave trade which the convention agreed to end in 1807. Article VII, Ratification of the Constitution, outlined the process which required nine states to approve the U.S. Constitution. The process fostered one of the great debates of Social Studies. The Federalists, who favored a strong central government, supported the Constitution while the Anti-Federalists favored states' rights and the protection of individual rights through a Bill of Rights. They opposed ratification. Madison worked with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to write The Federalist calling for ratification. Delegates elected to state conventions determined the outcome. The first nine states approved the constitution between December 1787 and June 1788. The last four states ratified out of fear of exclusion, believing they could not exist separate from the union. Rhode Island was the last to ratify in May 1790.

The Framers of the Constitution understood that society would change over time, and made provisions for amendments to be formally proposed and ratified by both the state and federal governments. In the last 200 years, there have been 27 amendments to the Constitution, including the Bill of Rights. Informal amendments to the Constitution keep the government up-to-date without formal modifications to the document, such as Court decisions (Roe v. Wade), legislation (commerce laws), executive actions (the President's cabinet), and customs (Democrat/Republican parties). Article V, The Process of Amendment, outlines the ways to keep the Constitution current. The first Congress proposed the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments, which protected basic human rights and freedoms. This pleased Anti-Federalists who felt the original document did not extend adequate protection. The power of judicial review, first assumed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison, allows the federal judicial branch to rule on issues of constitutional law including civil liberties, suspect's rights, equality, women's rights, minority rights, foreign policy, and constitutional change. Through the process of amendment and judicial review, the Constitution is adapted to the needs of each generation of Americans. 

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Dream FAQ Dictionary: How do I find out more about out-of-body experiences?

How do I find out more about out-of-body experiences?

A. There is a newsgroup dedicated to out-of-body experiences,alt.out-of-body. jounsmed@polaris.utu.fi (Jouni Smed) maintains anextensive FAQ file.

Source: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/dreams-faq

(See also: Out-of-the-body experiences, Dream Interpretation FAQ, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Meaning of Dreams)

Pawn-shop

• If in your dreams you enter a pawn-shop, you will find disappointments and losses in your waking moments.
• To pawn articles, you will have unpleasant scenes with your wife or sweetheart, and perhaps disappointments in business.
• For a woman to go to a pawn-shop, denotes that she is guilty of indiscretions, and she is likely to regret the loss of a friend.
• To redeem an article, denotes that you will regain lost positions.
• To dream that you see a pawn-shop, denotes you are negligent of your trust and are in danger of sacrificing your honorable name in some salacious affair.

Source: 10 000 Dream Interpretations, by Gustavus Hindman Miller

(See also: Dream Archives, Meaning of Dreams, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary - Pawn-shop, Meaning of Dreams about Pawn-shop, Dream Interpretation Pawn-shop)