Schopenhauer was perhaps even more influential in his treatment of man's mind than he was in the realm of philosophy. Philosophers have not traditionally been impressed by the tribulations of love. But Schopenhauer addressed it, and related concepts, forthrightly. "We should be surprised that a matter that generally plays such an important part in the life of man [love] has hitherto been almost entirely disregarded by philosophers, and lie ...

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Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Schopenhauer - Life, Arthur Schopenhauer - Philosophy, Arthur Schopenhauer - Psychology, Arthur Schopenhauer - Aesthetics, Arthur Schopenhauer - Politics, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on women, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on homosexuality, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer - Common Misconceptions, Arthur Schopenhauer - Influence, Arthur Schopenhauer - Bibliography, Arthur Schopenhauer - Major works, Arthur Schopenhauer - Online texts, Arthur Schopenhauer - Source

Read more here: » Arthur Schopenhauer: Encyclopedia II - Arthur Schopenhauer - Psychology

See also:

Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Schopenhauer - Life, Arthur Schopenhauer - Philosophy, Arthur Schopenhauer - Psychology, Arthur Schopenhauer - Aesthetics, Arthur Schopenhauer - Politics, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on women, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on homosexuality, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer - Common Misconceptions, Arthur Schopenhauer - Influence, Arthur Schopenhauer - Bibliography, Arthur Schopenhauer - Major works, Arthur Schopenhauer - Online texts, Arthur Schopenhauer - Source

Read more here: » Arthur Schopenhauer: Encyclopedia II - Arthur Schopenhauer - Philosophy

Schopenhauer was born in Stutthof (Sztutowo) Poland, near Danzig (Gdańsk). He was the son of Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer and Johanna Schopenhauer, a middle class mercantile family of Dutch heritage, although they had strong feelings against any kind of nationalism. Indeed, the name Arthur was selected by his father especially because it was the same in English, German, and French. His parents were both from the city, and Johanna was an author as well. After the city fell to Prussia during the second partition of Poland in 1793 the Schopenh ...

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Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Schopenhauer - Life, Arthur Schopenhauer - Philosophy, Arthur Schopenhauer - Psychology, Arthur Schopenhauer - Aesthetics, Arthur Schopenhauer - Politics, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on women, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on homosexuality, Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer - Common Misconceptions, Arthur Schopenhauer - Influence, Arthur Schopenhauer - Bibliography, Arthur Schopenhauer - Major works, Arthur Schopenhauer - Online texts, Arthur Schopenhauer - Source

Read more here: » Arthur Schopenhauer: Encyclopedia II - Arthur Schopenhauer - Life

Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 – September 21, 1860) was a German philosopher. He is most famous for his work The World as Will and Representation. He is commonly known for having espoused a sort of philosophical pessimism that saw life as being essentially evil, futile, and full of suffering. However, upon closer inspection, in accordance with Eastern thought, especially that of Buddhism, he saw salvation, deliverance, or escape from suffering in aesthetic contemplation, sympathy for others, and ascetic living. His i ...

Including:

• Arthur Schopenhauer - Life
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Philosophy
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Psychology
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Aesthetics
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Politics
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on women
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on homosexuality
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Schopenhauer on Hegel
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Common Misconceptions
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Influence
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Bibliography
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Major works
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Online texts
• Arthur Schopenhauer - Source

Read more here: » Arthur Schopenhauer: Encyclopedia - Arthur Schopenhauer

The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft), first published in 1781 with a second edition in 1787, is widely regarded as the most influential and widely read work of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and one of the most influential and important in the entire history of Western philosophy. It is often referred to as Kant's "first critique", and was followed by the Critiqu ...

Including:

• Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism
• Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach
• Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic
• Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic
• Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Analytic
• Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Dialectic
• Critique of Pure Reason - Terms
• Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

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Nihilism as a philosophical position is the view that the world, and especially human existence, is without meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth, or essential value. Some philosophers are considered nihilists if they hold the philosophical position that either (1) nothing exists (all there is is nothing), (2) the reality we humans experience does not exist at all as we see it, or (3) reality is unknowable, and thus the pursuit of objective understanding is pointless. It is more often a charge leveled against a particular idea ...

Including:

• Nihilism - Etymological Origins
• Nihilism - Nihilism in Philosophy
• Nihilism - Nihilism in Ethics and Morality
• Nihilism - Postmodernism and the Breakdown of Knowledge
• Nihilism - Nihilism and Nietzsche
• Nihilism - Nihilism Self-consistency and Paradox
• Nihilism - Nihilism in Art
• Nihilism - Dadaism
• Nihilism - Nihilism in Literature
• Nihilism - Nihilism in Music
• Nihilism - Books on Nihilism

Read more here: » Nihilism: Encyclopedia - Nihilism

Voluntarism (lat.: voluntas: wantin, the will, the desire; also: arbitrariness) is the school of thought, which regards the will to the difference of the intellectualism (as contrast) and emotionalism as basic facts of the realization (i.e. as epistemological voluntarism) or as a nature, cause of the world-whole (metaphysical voluntarism of Arthur Schopenhauer) and attributes a thinking and feeli ...

Including:

• Voluntarism - Medieval Voluntarism
• Voluntarism - Metaphysical Voluntarism
• Voluntarism - Realization and Science Theory
• Voluntarism - Politics

Read more here: » Voluntarism: Encyclopedia - Voluntarism

Idealism is an approach to philosophical enquiry. The ideal, in these systems, relates to direct knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images. It is usually juxtaposed with realism in which the real is said to have absolute existence prior to and independent of our knowledge. Epistemological idealists might insist that the only things which can be directly known for certain are ideas. Idealism - History. Idealism names a number of philosophical positions with quite different t ...

Including:

• Idealism - History
• Idealism - Plato
• Idealism - Plotinus
• Idealism - Malebranche
• Idealism - George Berkeley
• Idealism - Arthur Collier
• Idealism - Jonathan Edwards
• Idealism - Immanuel Kant
• Idealism - Fichte
• Idealism - Hegel
• Idealism - Schopenhauer
• Idealism - British idealism
• Idealism - Karl Pearson
• Idealism - Critique of Idealism
• Idealism - G. E. Moore
• Idealism - David Stove
• Idealism - John Searle
• Idealism - Idealism in religious thought
• Idealism - Other uses

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Hume's conclusions, Kant realized, rested on the premise that knowledge is empirical at its root. The problem that Hume identified was that basic principles like cause and effect cannot be empirically derived. Kant's goal, then, was to find some way to derive cause and effect without relying on empirical knowledge. Kant rejects analytical methods for this, arguing that analytic reasoning can't tell you anything that isn't already self-evident. Instead, Kant argued that we would need to use synthetic reasoning. But this posed a new problem—how can one have synthetic knowledge that is not bas ...

See also:

Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Analytic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Dialectic, Critique of Pure Reason - Terms, Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

Read more here: » Critique of Pure Reason: Encyclopedia II - Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism

The most common theory of perception is naïve realism in which people believe that what they perceive is things in themselves. Children develop this theory as a working hypothesis of how to deal with the world. Many people who have not studied biology carry this theory into adult life and regard their perception to be the world itself rather than a pattern that overlays the form of the world. Thomas Reid took this theory a step further, he realised that sensation was composed of a set of data transfers but declared that these were in some w ...

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Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space

Read more here: » Philosophy of perception: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception

Though the term nihilism was first popularized by Ivan Turgenev (see below), it was first introduced into philosophical discourse by Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819), who used the term to characterize rationalism, and in particular Immanuel Kant's "critical" philosophy in order to carry out a reductio ad absurdum according to which all rationalism (philosophy as criticism) reduces to nihilism, and thus it should be avoided and replaced with a return to som ...

See also:

Nihilism, Nihilism - Etymological Origins, Nihilism - Nihilism in Philosophy, Nihilism - Nihilism in Ethics and Morality, Nihilism - Postmodernism and the Breakdown of Knowledge, Nihilism - Nihilism and Nietzsche, Nihilism - Nihilism Self-consistency and Paradox, Nihilism - Nihilism in Art, Nihilism - Dadaism, Nihilism - Nihilism in Literature, Nihilism - Nihilism in Music, Nihilism - Books on Nihilism

Read more here: » Nihilism: Encyclopedia II - Nihilism - Nihilism in Philosophy

The Critique of Pure Reason is an attempt to answer two questions: "What do we know?" and "How do we know it?". Kant approaches the questions by looking at the relationship between knowledge based on reason (what we know purely logically, prior to or independently of experience, or a priori) and knowledge based on experience (what we know based on the input of our senses or a posteriori). In Kant's view, a priori intuitions and concepts provide us with some a priori knowledge, which also provides the ...

See also:

Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Analytic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Dialectic, Critique of Pure Reason - Terms, Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

Read more here: » Critique of Pure Reason: Encyclopedia II - Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach

Kant separates the mind into two faculties, intuition and understanding. The Transcendental Aesthetic is that part of the CPR that considers the contribution of intuition to our knowledge or cognition. In discussing intuition Kant says: "In whatever manner and by whatever means a mode of knowledge may relate to objects, intution is that through which it is in immediate relation to them" (A19/B33). Intuition is responsible for providing the mind with objects, or what Kant calls "appearances". Kant then goes on to distinguish between th ...

See also:

Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Analytic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Dialectic, Critique of Pure Reason - Terms, Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

Read more here: » Critique of Pure Reason: Encyclopedia II - Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic

The Transcendental Logic is that part of the CPR where Kant investigates the understanding and its role in constituting our knowledge. The understanding is defined as the faculty of the mind which deals with concepts (A51-52/B75-76). The Logic is divided into two parts: the Analytic and the Dialectic. In the Analytic Kant investigates the contributions of the understanding to knowledge. In the Dialectic Kant investigates the limits of the understanding. The idea of a transcendental logic is that of a logic which gives an account of th ...

See also:

Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Analytic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Dialectic, Critique of Pure Reason - Terms, Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

Read more here: » Critique of Pure Reason: Encyclopedia II - Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic

Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition. "Intuition" is "the faculty or power of receiving representations"(see Second Part, Transcendental Logic, Of Logic in General). Objects are given to use through intuition. Intuition can be pure or empirical. Pure intuition contains the a priori forms under which objects of senses can be intuited—such as the space and time. Without these a priori forms, objects of senses cannot be perceived or thought of. Pure intuition is only possible a priori. Empirical intuition includes sensation—which presupposes the actual presenc ...

See also:

Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism, Critique of Pure Reason - Kant's approach, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Aesthetic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Logic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Analytic, Critique of Pure Reason - Transcendental Dialectic, Critique of Pure Reason - Terms, Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

Read more here: » Critique of Pure Reason: Encyclopedia II - Critique of Pure Reason - Terms

Much controversy surrounds whether Nietzsche advocated a single or comprehensive philosophical viewpoint. Many charge Nietzsche with propounding contradictory thoughts and ideas. Here are Nietzsche's main ideas. Friedrich Nietzsche - Nihilism and the death of God. After the skepticism in his early works towards the old foundations of philosophy, religion, and morality, Nietzsche experienced the absence of any meaning or purpose to the world and human existence. Nietzsche did not attribute this nihilism to ...

See also:

Friedrich Nietzsche, Friedrich Nietzsche - Life, Friedrich Nietzsche - Youth 1844–1869, Friedrich Nietzsche - Professor at Basel 1869–1879, Friedrich Nietzsche - Free philosopher 1879–1889, Friedrich Nietzsche - Mental breakdown 1889–1900, Friedrich Nietzsche - Key concepts, Friedrich Nietzsche - Nihilism and the death of God, Friedrich Nietzsche - Amor fati and the eternal recurrence, Friedrich Nietzsche - Overman, Friedrich Nietzsche - Master morality and slave morality, Friedrich Nietzsche - Christianity as an institution and Jesus, Friedrich Nietzsche - The will to power, Friedrich Nietzsche - Style, Friedrich Nietzsche - Place in contemporary ethical theory, Friedrich Nietzsche - Political views, Friedrich Nietzsche - Gender views, Friedrich Nietzsche - Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, Friedrich Nietzsche - Criticism of Nietzsche, Friedrich Nietzsche - Nietzsche's influence, Friedrich Nietzsche - Works, Friedrich Nietzsche - Writings and philosophy, Friedrich Nietzsche - Major English translations, Friedrich Nietzsche - Philology, Friedrich Nietzsche - Poetry, Friedrich Nietzsche - Music, Friedrich Nietzsche - Note

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Our perception of the external world begins with the senses, which lead us to generate empirical concepts representing the world around us, within a mental framework relating new concepts to preexisting ones. Because perception leads to an individual's impression of the world, its study may be important for those interested in better understanding communication, self, id, ego — even reality. While René Descartes concluded that the question "Do I exist?" can only be answered in the affirmative (cogito ergo sum), Freudian psyc ...

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Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space

Read more here: » Philosophy of perception: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Introduction

We can categorize perception as internal or external. Internal perception (proprioception) tells us what's going on in our bodies. We can sense where our limbs are, whether we're sitting or standing; we can also sense whether we are hungry, or tired, and so forth. External or Sensory perception (exteroception), tells us about the world outside our bodies. Using our senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, we ...

See also:

Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space

Read more here: » Philosophy of perception: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception

In the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, a genius is a person in whom intellect predominates over will much more than for the average person. In Schopenhauer's aesthetics, this predominance of intellect over will allows the genius to create artistic or academic works that are objects of pure, disinterested contemplation, the chief criterion of the aesthetic experience for Schopenhauer. Their remoteness from mundane concerns means that Schopenhauer's geniuses often display maladaptive traits in more mundane concerns; in Schopenhauer's words, they fall ...

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Genius, Genius - Etymology, Genius - Gifted, Genius - Limitations, Genius - In philosophy, Genius - Pluralization

Read more here: » Genius: Encyclopedia II - Genius - In philosophy

The science of perception is concerned with how events are observed and interpreted. An event may be the occurrence of an object at some distance from an observer. According to the scientific account this object will reflect light from the sun in all directions. Some of this reflected light from a particular, unique point on the object will fall all over the corneas of the eyes and the combined cornea/lens system of the eyes will divert the light to two points, one on each retina. The pattern of points of light on each retina forms an image. ...

See also:

Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space

Read more here: » Philosophy of perception: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception