arteries

Because of the varying symptoms and signs of aortic dissection depending on the initial intimal tear and the extent of the dissection, the proper diagnosis is sometimes difficult to make. In an individual with chest pain radiating to the back, the differentials to consider include: Aortic dissection Myocardial infarction Acute aortic insufficiency Non-dissecting aortic aneurysm Pericarditis Musculos ...

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Aortic dissection, Aortic dissection - Overview, Aortic dissection - Classification systems, Aortic dissection - DeBakey classification system, Aortic dissection - Pathophysiology, Aortic dissection - Etiology, Aortic dissection - Signs and symptoms, Aortic dissection - Blood pressure changes, Aortic dissection - Aortic insufficiency, Aortic dissection - Myocardial infarction, Aortic dissection - Pleural effusion, Aortic dissection - Diagnosis, Aortic dissection - Chest X-ray, Aortic dissection - EKG, Aortic dissection - Biochemical markers, Aortic dissection - Transesophageal echocardiography, Aortic dissection - Aortogram, Aortic dissection - Spiral CT with contrast, Aortic dissection - MRI, Aortic dissection - Natural history, Aortic dissection - First Aid, Aortic dissection - Treatment, Aortic dissection - Medical management, Aortic dissection - Surgical management, Aortic dissection - Long term follow-up

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The physics of the circulatory system, as of any fluid system, are very complex. That said, there are many physical factors that influence blood pressure. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs, etc. Some physical factors are: Rate of pumping. In the circulatory system, this rate is called heart rate, the rate at which blood (the fluid) is pumped by the heart. The higher the heart rate, the higher (potentially, assuming no change in stroke volume) the blood ...

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Blood pressure, Blood pressure - Measurement, Blood pressure - Physiology, Blood pressure - Regulation of blood pressure, Blood pressure - Pathophysiology, Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure, Blood pressure - Effects of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Factors influencing blood pressure, Blood pressure - Other causes of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Venous pressure

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There are four cerebral arteries. The two largest are the two internal carotid arteries, the left and right branches of the common carotid arteries in the neck which enter the skull, as opposed to the external carotid branches which supply the facial tissues. The two smaller arteries are the vertebral arteries, which branch from the subclavian arteries which primarily supply the shoulders, lateral chest and arms. Within the cerebral vault, which houses the brain, the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery, which is ...

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Cerebral circulation, Cerebral circulation - Cerebral Arteries, Cerebral circulation - Cerebral Veins

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Dependent on the severity of the disease, the following steps can be taken: Conservative measures include Smoking cessation (cigarettes promote PAOD and are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease). Regular exercise for those with claudication helps open up alternative small vessels (collateral flow) and the limitation in walking often improves. Medication with aspirin and statins, which reduce clot formation and cholesterol levels, respectively can help with disease progression and address the other cardiovascular risks ...

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Peripheral artery occlusive disease, Peripheral artery occlusive disease - Classification, Peripheral artery occlusive disease - Causes, Peripheral artery occlusive disease - Diagnosis, Peripheral artery occlusive disease - Therapy, Peripheral artery occlusive disease - Associations

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Bleeding - Minor traumatic bleeding. The minor traumatic bleeding stops spontaneously, the loss of blood is not dangerous in itself. But the wound can still endanger the life of the casualty. See Wound. Bleeding - Severe traumatic bleeding. The general behaviour is: protect: remove the cause of wound so nobody else gets hurt, or lead the casualty away and mark out the dangerous area; when the casualty cannot walk, do not move him unless the danger is deadly and rea ...

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Bleeding, Bleeding - Types of bleeding, Bleeding - First aid, Bleeding - Minor traumatic bleeding, Bleeding - Severe traumatic bleeding, Bleeding - Externalised bleeding, Bleeding - Internal bleeding, Bleeding - Risk of blood contamination, Bleeding - Medical care

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Coronary heart disease is the most common form of heart disease in the Western world. Prevention centers on the modifiable risk factors, which include decreasing cholesterol levels, addressing obesity and hypertension, avoiding a sedentary lifestyle, making healthy dietary choices, and stopping smoking. There is some evidence that lowering uric acid and homocysteine levels may contribute. In diabetes mellitus, there is little evidence that blood sugar control actually improves cardiac risk. Some recomm ...

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Coronary heart disease, Coronary heart disease - Overview, Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology, Coronary heart disease - Angina, Coronary heart disease - Prevention, Coronary heart disease - Preventive Diets, Coronary heart disease - Recent research

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Typically, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) (previously referred to as left internal mammary artery or LIMA) and right internal thoracic artery are used for bypass. If additional bypasses are required the great saphenous vein from the leg is frequently used. Veins that are used either have their valves removed or are turned around so that the valves in them do not occlude blood flow in the graft. LITA grafts are longer-lasting than vein grafts, both because the artery is more robust than a vein and because, being ...

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Coronary artery bypass surgery, Coronary artery bypass surgery - Prognosis, Coronary artery bypass surgery - Technical description, Coronary artery bypass surgery - Conduits used for bypass, Coronary artery bypass surgery - History

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The exact anatomy of the myocardial blood supply varies considerably from person to person. A full evaluation of the coronary arteries requires cardiac catheterization. In general there are two main coronary arteries, the left and right. Both of these arteries originate from the beginning (root) of the aorta, immediately above the aortic valve. As discussed below, the left coronary artery originates from the left aortic sinus, while the right coronary artery originates from the right aortic sinus. See also:

Coronary circulation, Coronary circulation - Coronary anatomy, Coronary circulation - Left coronary artery, Coronary circulation - Right coronary artery, Coronary circulation - Coronary artery dominance, Coronary circulation - Blood supply of the papillary muscles, Coronary circulation - Coronary flow

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Heavy metal poisoning is an uncommon medical condition that can have significant effects on nearly every organ system [1]. Mercury, for example, has been strongly implicated as "a potential etiological factor in neurodegeneration" [2]. Chelation therapy is used as a treatment for acute mercury, iron, arsenic, lead, plutonium and other forms of heavy metal poisoning, where the amounts are so high that there is enough risk to the health of the patient to justify the therapy. The buildup of iron ...

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Chelation therapy, Chelation therapy - Discovery in medicine, Chelation therapy - Uses in conventional medicine, Chelation therapy - Uses in alternative medicine, Chelation therapy - Calcium chelation therapy

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Elbow-joint - The anterior ligament. The anterior ligament [Fig. 1] is a broad and thin fibrous layer covering the anterior surface of the joint. It is attached to the front of the medial epicondyle and to the front of the humerus immediately above the coronoid and radial fossæ below, to the anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna and to the annular ligament, being continuous on either side with the collateral ligaments. Its superficial fibers pass obliquely from the medial epicondyle ...

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Elbow-joint, Elbow-joint - Ligaments, Elbow-joint - The anterior ligament, Elbow-joint - The posterior ligament, Elbow-joint - The ulnar collateral ligament, Elbow-joint - The radial collateral ligament, Elbow-joint - Synovial membrane, Elbow-joint - Movements

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Veins have one-way valves to prevent backflow caused by gravity. In systemic circulation de-oxygenated blood from the capillary blood vessels is taken by veins to the right part of the heart. Differently, in the pulmonary circulation oxygenated blood from the lungs is taken to the left part of the heart by pulmonary veins. Another special case is portal circulation where the portal vein transports blood rich in products of digestion from the intestines to the liver. Names of important veins: Pulmonary veins Portal vein Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Femoral v ...

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Vein, Vein - Biological Vein

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From a utilitarian point of view the study of humans is the most important division of special anatomy, and this human anatomy may be approached from different points of view. From that of Medicine it consists of a knowledge of the exact form, position, size and relationship of the various structures of the healthy human body, and to this study the term descriptive or topographical human anatomy is given, though it is often, less h ...

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Anatomy, Anatomy - Animal anatomy, Anatomy - Human anatomy, Anatomy - Major body systems, Anatomy - Organs, Anatomy - Bones in the human skeleton, Anatomy - Glands, Anatomy - Tissues, Anatomy - Externally visible parts of the human body, Anatomy - Other anatomic terms not classified

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Previously, a relatively complex surgical intervention (i.e. invasive surgery) was required in order to eliminate the potential risk of a brain aneurysm. In this operation, called clipping, a craniotomy was performed, and afterwards a titanium clip was affixed around the aneurysm's neck. This operation became the standard of care for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms as microneurosurgical techniques were refined in the 1980's and 1990's. In the mid to late 1990's a newer method of aneurysm treatment was developed which allowed treatment wi ...

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Aneurysm, Aneurysm - Types, Aneurysm - Locations, Aneurysm - Risks, Aneurysm - Formation, Aneurysm - Treatment of brain aneurysms, Aneurysm - Related topics

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In First World countries, with improved public health, infection control and increasing life spans, atheroma processes have become an increasingly important problem and burden for society. Atheroma continue to be the number one underlying basis for disability and death, despite a trend for gradual improvement since the early 1960s (adjusted for patient age). Thus, increasing efforts towards better understandin ...

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Atheroma, Atheroma - Stages, Atheroma - Difficulty of Tracking Researching and Better Understanding Atheroma, Atheroma - Evolving Concepts and Understanding, Atheroma - Actual Artery/Atheroma Behavior:, Atheroma - 1. External Artery Enlargement; Eventual Possible Stenosis and/or Closure, Atheroma - 2. External Artery Enlargement and Lumen Enlargement, Atheroma - Evolution of Strategies and Changing Focus, Atheroma - Related topics

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During coronary catheterization (often referred to as a cath by physicians), blood pressures are recorded and X-Ray motion picture shadow-grams of the blood inside the coronary arteries are recorded. In order to create the X-ray pictures, a physician guides a small tube-like device called a catheter, typically ~2.0 mm (6-French) in diameter, through the large arteries of the body until the tip is just within the opening of one of the coronary arteries. By design, the catheter is smaller than the lumen of the artery it is placed in; internal blood pressures are monitore ...

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Coronary catheterization, Coronary catheterization - History, Coronary catheterization - Patient participation, Coronary catheterization - Equipment, Coronary catheterization - Diagnostic Procedure Description, Coronary catheterization - Catheterization to physically treat luminal disease, Coronary catheterization - Advances in catheter based physical treatments

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Cholesterol - Synthesis and intake. Cholesterol is primarily synthesized from acetyl CoA through the HMG-CoA reductase pathway in many cells/tissues. About 20–25% of total daily production (~1 g/day) occurs in the liver; other sites of higher synthesis rates include the intestines, adrenal glands and reproductive organs. For a person of about 150 pounds (68 kg), typical total body content is about 35 g, typical daily internal production is about 1 g and typical daily dietary intake is 200 to 300 mg. Of the 1,200 to 1,300 mg input to the intestines (via bile production and food intake), abo ...

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Cholesterol, Cholesterol - History of the name, Cholesterol - Physiology, Cholesterol - Synthesis and intake, Cholesterol - Properties, Cholesterol - Regulation, Cholesterol - Function, Cholesterol - Excretion, Cholesterol - Role in atheromatous disease, Cholesterol - Cholesteric liquid crystals, Cholesterol - Sources

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Bloodletting is one of the oldest medical practices, having been practiced among diverse ancient peoples, including the Greeks, the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians. In Greece, bloodletting was in use around the time of Hippocrates, who mentions bloodletting but in general relied on dietary techniques. Erastistratus, however, theorized that many diseases were caused by plethoras, or overabundances, in the blood, and advised that these plethoras be treated, initially, by exercise, sweating, reduced food intake, and vomiting. Herophilus ...

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Bloodletting, Bloodletting - Bloodletting in the ancient world, Bloodletting - Bloodletting in the last millennium, Bloodletting - Phlebotomy today

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Blood - Production and degradation. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow; the process is termed hematopoiesis. The proteinaceous component is produced overwhelmingly in the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction maintained by the gut and the kidney. Blood cells are degraded by the spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears proteins and amino acids (the kidney secretes many small proteins into the urine). Erythrocytes usually live up to 120 days before they are systematically replaced by new erythroc ...

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Blood, Blood - Anatomy of blood, Blood - Physiology of blood, Blood - Production and degradation, Blood - Transport of oxygen, Blood - Transport of carbon dioxide, Blood - Transport of hydrogen ions, Blood - Color, Blood - Health and disease, Blood - Ancient medicine, Blood - Diagnosis, Blood - Pathology, Blood - Treatment, Blood - Mythology and religion, Blood - Indo-European paganism, Blood - Judaism, Blood - Christianity, Blood - Jehovah's Witnesses, Blood - Vampire legends, Blood - Chinese and Japanese culture

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Blood vessels exist in varying calibers: Arteries Aorta (the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart) Branches of the aorta, such as the carotid artery, the subclavian artery, the celiac trunk, the mesenteric arteries, the renal artery and the ileac artery. Arterioles Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels) Venules Veins Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein. Venae cavae (the 2 largest veins, carry bl ...

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Blood vessel, Blood vessel - Types, Blood vessel - Anatomy, Blood vessel - Physiology, Blood vessel - Role in disease

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Blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively by placing a cannula into a blood vessel and connecting it to an electronic pressure transducer. This invasive technique is regularly employed in intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes, but it is associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, and bleeding. Therefore, the less accurate techniques of manual or oscillometric me ...

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Blood pressure, Blood pressure - Measurement, Blood pressure - Physiology, Blood pressure - Pathophysiology, Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure, Blood pressure - Effects of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Factors influencing blood pressure, Blood pressure - Other causes of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Venous pressure, Blood pressure - Related topics

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HEAD: ARTERIES: carotid - common carotid - internal carotid (ophthalmic, retinal, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior communicating) - external carotid (facial, maxillary, superficial temporal artery) - posterior cerebral - anterior communicating - posterior inferior cerebellar - basilar - circle of Willis - middle meningeal | VEINS: jugular - vein of Galen ARMS: ARTERIES: axillary (superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex ...

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Brachial artery, Brachial artery - Branches, Brachial artery - External link

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Recent research suggests that patients with elevated basal levels of CRP are at an increased risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, although recent research[1] suggests the correlation is moderate. The amount of CRP produced by the body varies from person to person, and this is affected by lifestyle as well as genetic makeup, which accounts for almost half of the variation in CRP levels between different people. Higher CRP levels tend to be found in smokers and in people who are sedentary, overweight or who have high bloo ...

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C-reactive protein, C-reactive protein - History and nomenclature, C-reactive protein - Genetics, C-reactive protein - Function, C-reactive protein - Diagnostic use, C-reactive protein - Role in cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein - Role in colon cancer

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