arteries

Rib - Typical ribs. The third through ninth ribs are "typical ribs" since they share the same structure. They each have a head that has two facets separated by a crest. One head articulates with the rib's corresponding vertebra and one head articulates with the vertebra superior (above) to it. They have a neck that connects the head with the shaft. The neck meets the shaft at a tubercle. The shaft is thin, flat, and curved. The curve is most prominent at the costal angle. The concave (inside) surface has a groove to protect the intercostal nerve and vessels. See also:

Rib, Rib - Types of Ribs, Rib - Rib Anatomy, Rib - Typical ribs, Rib - Atypical ribs, Rib - Rib Fractures and Associated Injuries, Rib - Bifid rib bifurcated rib, Rib - Biblical Legend, Rib - Notes

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Due to the large amount of food bodybuilders need to consume, the majority choose to consume some as a supplement (often in liquid form) as this is more convenient. Bodybuilding supplements - Protein. Bodybuilders often take a powdered form of protein, the essential building blocks for muscles, as a supplement as it is necessary to consume large quantities and protein shakes are convenient. The most commonly consumed type is whey protein since it is a naturally complete protein and is a rich source of bran ...

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Bodybuilding supplements, Bodybuilding supplements - Food, Bodybuilding supplements - Protein, Bodybuilding supplements - Meal Replacement, Bodybuilding supplements - Hormones, Bodybuilding supplements - Anabolic steroids, Bodybuilding supplements - Prohormones, Bodybuilding supplements - Human Growth Hormone, Bodybuilding supplements - Amino acids, Bodybuilding supplements - Glutamine, Bodybuilding supplements - BCAAs, Bodybuilding supplements - Other, Bodybuilding supplements - Creatine, Bodybuilding supplements - Insulin, Bodybuilding supplements - Natural Testosterone Boosters, Bodybuilding supplements - Nitric Oxide

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Stingrays are not normally visible to swimmers, but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow sandy waters, more so when the water is unseasonably warm. The Baltimore Aquarium has a large stingray tank where they may be viewed from above or below; many other aquariums exhibit rays. In the Cayman Islands, there are a couple of dive sites (each called "Stingray City") where divers and snorkelers can swim with l ...

See also:

Stingray, Stingray - Viewing stingrays

Read more here: » Stingray: Encyclopedia II - Stingray - Viewing stingrays

Once started, a siphon requires no additional energy to keep the liquid flowing up and out of the reservoir. The siphon works because the ultimate drain point is lower than the reservoir and the flow of liquid out the drain point creates a vacuum in the tube such that liquid is drawn up out of the reservoir. The maximum height of the intermediate point (the crest) is limited by atmospheric pressure and the density of the liquid. At the high point of the siphon, gravity tends to draw the liquid down in both directions creating a ...

See also:

Siphon, Siphon - Operation, Siphon - Practical application, Siphon - History, Siphon - Use, Siphon - Biological siphons, Siphon - Bernoulli's equation, Siphon - Velocity, Siphon - Maximum height, Siphon - Sample building code regulations regarding back siphonage

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The fundamental principle of radiosurgery is that of selective ionization of the tissue to be operated upon, by means of high-energy beams of radiation. Ionization is the production of inorganic ions which are usually deleterious to the cells, by forming free radicals that are harmful to the cellular and nuclear membranes, and even to the RNA and DNA chains of the cells, producing an irreparable damage to these structures and then the cell's death. Thus, biological inactivation is carried out in a volume of tissue to be treated, with a preci ...

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Radiosurgery, Radiosurgery - Definition and applications, Radiosurgery - History, Radiosurgery - How it works, Radiosurgery - Radiosurgery of brain tumors, Radiosurgery - Source

Read more here: » Radiosurgery: Encyclopedia II - Radiosurgery - How it works

Rib - Typical ribs. The third through ninth ribs are "typical ribs" since they share the same structure. They each have a head that has two facets separated by a crest. One head articulates with the rib's corresponding vertebra and one head articulates with the vertebra superior (above) to it. They have a neck that connects the head with the shaft. The neck meets the shaft at a tubercle. The shaft is thin, flat, and curved. The curve is most prominent at the costal angle. The concave (inside) surface has a groove to protect the intercostal nerve and vessels. See also:

Rib, Rib - Types of Ribs, Rib - Rib Anatomy, Rib - Typical ribs, Rib - Atypical ribs, Rib - Rib Fractures and Associated Injuries, Rib - Bifid rib bifurcated rib, Rib - Biblical Legend

Read more here: » Rib: Encyclopedia II - Rib - Rib Anatomy

Symptoms of subdural hemorrhage have a slower onset than those of epidural hemorrhages because the lower pressure veins bleed more slowly than arteries. Thus, signs and symptoms may show up within 24 hours but can be delayed as much as 2 weeks (Sanders and McKenna, 2001). If the bleeds are large enough to put pressure on the brain, signs of increased ICP or damage to part of the brain will be present (Wagner, 2004). Other signs and symptoms of subdural hematoma include the following: A history of recent head injury < ...

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Subdural hematoma, Subdural hematoma - Causes, Subdural hematoma - Signs and symptoms, Subdural hematoma - Features, Subdural hematoma - Subtypes, Subdural hematoma - Pathophysiology, Subdural hematoma - Treatment, Subdural hematoma - Risk factors, Subdural hematoma - Prevention

Read more here: » Subdural hematoma: Encyclopedia II - Subdural hematoma - Signs and symptoms

Sadako's curse can actually be divided into a few abilities. First, the relatively simple ability to record her memories and imagination to film (earlier in her life she used a similar ability on an undeveloped photo, and also manipulated the image on a television). The second and more disturbing skill is the feat of giving the tape its own psychic abilities to kill whomever watches it, as well as the ability to replicate its curse. Lastly, there is the ability of writing her own DNA and the DNA of smallpox (the "Ring Virus") onto the videos themselves. See also:

The Cursed Videotape, The Cursed Videotape - The videos, The Cursed Videotape - The curse, The Cursed Videotape - Early explanation, The Cursed Videotape - Later clarification, The Cursed Videotape - The tape images, The Cursed Videotape - The tape in marketing, The Cursed Videotape - External references

Read more here: » The Cursed Videotape: Encyclopedia II - The Cursed Videotape - The curse

Lyman Brewer suggests that the first recorded account of ventricular fibrillation dates as far back as 1500 BC and can be found in the Ebers papyrus of ancient Egypt. The extract recorded 3500 years ago may even date from as far back as 3500 BC. It states: "When the heart is diseased, its work is imperfectly performed: the vessels proceeding from the heart become inactive, so that you cannot feel them … if the heart trembles, has little power and sinks, the disease is advanced and death is near". Whether this is a description of ventricula ...

See also:

Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular fibrillation - Introduction, Ventricular fibrillation - Historical aspects, Ventricular fibrillation - Mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular fibrillation - Detailed description, Ventricular fibrillation - Prevalence, Ventricular fibrillation - Treatment, Ventricular fibrillation - Re-entry, Ventricular fibrillation - Abnormal automaticity, Ventricular fibrillation - Triggered activity, Ventricular fibrillation - Characteristics of the ventricular fibrillation waveform, Ventricular fibrillation - Power spectrum, Ventricular fibrillation - Frequency characteristics of ventricular fibrillation

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From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC the Mesopotamian peoples began to attempt to record some observations of the world with extremely thorough quantitative and numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 232 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras1, ...

See also:

History of science in early cultures, History of science in early cultures - Mesopotamia, History of science in early cultures - Indic, History of science in early cultures - Egyptian, History of science in early cultures - Greek science, History of science in early cultures - Græco-Roman, History of science in early cultures - Persia, History of science in early cultures - China, History of science in early cultures - Korea, History of science in early cultures - Maya, History of science in early cultures - Notes

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Harvey was born in Folkestone, England, and educated at The King's School, Canterbury, at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from which he received a BA in 1597, and at the University of Padua, where he studied under Fabricius, graduating in 1602. He returned to England and married Elizabeth Brown, daughter of the court physician to Elizabeth I. He became a doctor at St Bartholomew's hospital at London ( ...

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William Harvey, William Harvey - Early life and education, William Harvey - New circulatory model, William Harvey - Embryology, William Harvey - Criticism of Harvey's Work, William Harvey - Honours, William Harvey - Writings

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He was born in Bond Head, Canada West (now Ontario), raised largely in Dundas, Ontario and studied and taught at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he obtained his medical degree in 1872. It is here that he created the first formalized journal club. In 1884 he was appointed Chair of Clinical Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; in 1889 he became the first chief of staff at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and in 1893 one of the first professors of medicine at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1905 he was appoi ...

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William Osler, William Osler - Biography, William Osler - Eponyms

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Kolliker made contributions to the study of zoology. His earlier efforts were directed to the invertebrates, and his memoir on the development of cephalopods (which appeared in 1844) is considered a classical work. He soon passed on to the vertebrates, and studied the amphibians and mammalian embryos. He was among the first, if not the very first, to introduce into this branch of biological inquiry the newer microscopic technique - the methods of hardening, sectioning and staining. By doing so, not only was he enabled to make rapid progress ...

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Albert von Kölliker, Albert von Kölliker - Life, Albert von Kölliker - Works, Albert von Kölliker - Source

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In the normal heart, there are four separate chambers; the two top chambers are known as atria and pump blood simultaneously into the two bottom chambers, or ventricles. Blood first enters the heart at the right atrium, which then empties blood into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood into the lungs through the pulmonary artery to get oxygen. From the lungs, the blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein; the left atrium empties into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood into the aorta and from there reaches the rest ...

See also:

Alfred Blalock, Alfred Blalock - Birth and early career, Alfred Blalock - Vanderbilt University, Alfred Blalock - Johns Hopkins, Alfred Blalock - Blue Baby, Alfred Blalock - Film

Read more here: » Alfred Blalock: Encyclopedia II - Alfred Blalock - Blue Baby

Body piercing materials - Surgical steel. Surgical steel, also know as 316L and Implant steel is a steel alloy with a bad reputation. The reputation comes from the fact that the EU prohibits materials with a high nickel percentage in new piercings. 316L has a rather high percentage, around 10-14%, but despite this, it is allergy-safe. This is due to the fact that the nickel is so tightly bound in the material, that the leakage of nickel is below the threshold value set up by the EU. However, ...

See also:

Body piercing materials, Body piercing materials - Metals, Body piercing materials - Surgical steel, Body piercing materials - Implantatium, Body piercing materials - Titanium, Body piercing materials - Blackline, Body piercing materials - Zircon Gold / Zircontwo, Body piercing materials - Niobium, Body piercing materials - Bronze, Body piercing materials - Silver, Body piercing materials - Gold, Body piercing materials - Glass, Body piercing materials - Plastics, Body piercing materials - PTFE, Body piercing materials - Acrylic plexiglas, Body piercing materials - Plastastic, Body piercing materials - Gems, Body piercing materials - Materials of biological origin, Body piercing materials - Wood, Body piercing materials - Animalic, Body piercing materials - Amber, Body piercing materials - Sources

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The types of vasculitis are distinguished by the type of blood vessel affected (aorta, large arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins), the appearance of biopsy tissue of affected organs on light microscopy, and if necessary, with the help of immunohistochemistry (use of monoclonal antibodies against specific inflammatory protein markers). Other diagnostic tools are the detection of circulating antibodies that are associated with forms of vasculitis. While these measurements have a low positive and negative predictive value (due to the high rates of both false positives and false negatives), they can direct the clin ...

See also:

Vasculitis, Vasculitis - Diagnosis, Vasculitis - Treatment, Vasculitis - Causes and types, Vasculitis - Source

Read more here: » Vasculitis: Encyclopedia II - Vasculitis - Diagnosis

At 4:00 AM on November 5, 1983, four divers were in a compression chamber system attached to a diving bell on the rig, being assisted by two dive tenders. One diver was about to close the door between the chamber system and the trunk when the chamber was explosively decompressed from a pressure of 9 atm to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. Five of the men were killed; the other was severely injured. The situation just before this accident occurred was as follows. Compression chambers 1 and 2 were connected via a trunk to a diving bell. ...

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Byford Dolphin, Byford Dolphin - Diving bell accident, Byford Dolphin - Medical findings, Byford Dolphin - Investigation, Byford Dolphin - Other incidents

Read more here: » Byford Dolphin: Encyclopedia II - Byford Dolphin - Diving bell accident

The most frequently observed problems related to the mechanical and blood loss (ischemic) effects of an AVM are headache and seizure. Moreover, AVMs in certain critical locations may stop the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, causing accumulation of the fluid within the skull and giving rise to a clinical condition called hydrocephalus. Symptoms of bleeding within the brain (intracranial hemorrhage) include loss of consciousness, sudden and severe headache, nausea, vomiting, incontinence, and blurred vision. A stiff neck can occ ...

See also:

Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM - Symptoms, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM - Diagnosis, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM - Pathophysiology, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM - Treatment

Read more here: » Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM: Encyclopedia II - Cerebral arteriovenous malformation AVM - Symptoms

Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even bugs, bats are neither mice nor rodents. There are two suborders of bats: Megachiroptera (megabats) Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats) Despite the name, not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinction between the two suborders is based on other factors: Microbats use echolocation, whereas megabats do not. Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb. The ears of microbat ...

See also:

Bat, Bat - Classification, Bat - Reproduction, Bat - Habits and Behavior, Bat - Vector for rabies, Bat - Cultural aspects, Bat - References

Read more here: » Bat: Encyclopedia II - Bat - Classification

Atherogenesis is the developmental process of atheromatous plaques. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries involving the concomitant accumulation of cells (most notably leukocytes such as monocyte derived macrophages) and modified lipoproteins. The ensuing inflammation leads to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arterial intima, a region of the vessel wall located between the endothelium and the media and adventitia. The bulk of these lesions is comprised of excess fat, cells, collagen, and elastin. The plaques initially grow without producing any narrowing, s ...

See also:

Atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis - Symptoms, Atherosclerosis - Atherogenesis, Atherosclerosis - Cellular, Atherosclerosis - Calcification and lipids, Atherosclerosis - Visible features, Atherosclerosis - Stenosis and rupture, Atherosclerosis - Diagnosis of plaque-related disease, Atherosclerosis - Risk factors, Atherosclerosis - Treatment, Atherosclerosis - Recent research

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Previously, a relatively complex surgical intervention (i.e. invasive surgery) was required in order to eliminate the potential risk of a brain aneurysm. In this operation, called clipping, a craniotomy was performed, and afterwards a titanium clip was affixed around the aneurysm's neck. This operation became the standard of care for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms as microneurosurgical techniques were refined in the 1980's and 1990's. In the mid to late 1990's a newer method of aneurysm treatment was developed which allowed treatment wi ...

See also:

Aneurysm, Aneurysm - Types, Aneurysm - Locations, Aneurysm - Risks, Aneurysm - Formation, Aneurysm - Treatment of brain aneurysms

Read more here: » Aneurysm: Encyclopedia II - Aneurysm - Treatment of brain aneurysms

The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) is suggested by thrombosis (arterial or venous) and recurrent miscarriage (especially in the second trimester, but often earlier). Other common findings, although not part of the classification, are thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and livedo reticularis (a skin condition). Many patients report headaches. APLAs are present in the blood in the context of a number of diseases, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One can only speak of antiphospolipid syndrome wh ...

See also:

Antiphospholipid syndrome, Antiphospholipid syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Antiphospholipid syndrome - Laboratory, Antiphospholipid syndrome - Diagnosis, Antiphospholipid syndrome - Pathogenesis, Antiphospholipid syndrome - Treatment, Antiphospholipid syndrome - External link

Read more here: » Antiphospholipid syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Antiphospholipid syndrome - Signs and symptoms