Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon (c. 92-c. 175), known in English as Arrian, was a Greek historian and philosopher of the Roman period. As with other authors of the Second Sophistic Arrian wrote primarily in Attic. His works preserve the philosophy of Epictetus, and include an important account of Alexander the Great, the Anabasis of Alexander. Arrian - Arrian's Life. Arrian was born in Nicomedia (now Izmit), the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, in what is now north-western Turkey. H ...

Including:

Arrian - Arrian's Life Arrian - Arrian's Work Arrian - Other surviving classical histories of Alexander

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See also:

Arrian, Arrian - Arrian's Life, Arrian - Arrian's Work, Arrian - Other surviving classical histories of Alexander

Read more here: » Arrian: Encyclopedia II - Arrian - Arrian's Work

The History of India can be traced in fragments as far back as 700,000 years ago. The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. According to the Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis, the so-called Aryans from the north-west of the Indian subcontinent migrated between 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE, possibly from Central Asia or the Middle East; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants apparently resulted in classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish ...

Including:

History of India - The Paleolithic era History of India - The Neolithic era History of India - The Bronze age
History of India - Vedic civilization
History of India - The Mahajanapadas History of India - The Magadha empire
History of India - Shishunaga dynasty History of India - Nanda dynasty History of India - Maurya dynasty History of India - Shunga dynasty
History of India - Early Middle Kingdoms - the golden age
History of India - Satavahana empire History of India - Kushan empire History of India - Gupta dynasty
History of India - Late Middle Kingdoms - the classical age
History of India - Harsha's empire History of India - The Chalukyas and Pallavas History of India - Chola empire History of India - The Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas History of India - The Rajputs
History of India - The Islamic Sultanates
History of India - Vijayanagar empire
History of India - The Mughal era
History of India - The Maratha confederacy History of India - The Kingdom of Mysore History of India - The Punjab
History of India - Company rule History of India - The British Raj History of India - The independence movement History of India - Independent India History of India - Textbooks and Surveys

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The Ashvakas are very ancient people of north-east Afghanistan. They find mention in the Puranas, Mahabharata and other ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature. Sanskrit term ashva , Iranian aspa and Prakrit assa means horse. The name Ashvaka or Assaka is said to be derived from Sanskrit Ashva or Prakrit Assa and it litterally denotes someone connected with the horses---hence: a horseman, or a cavalryman. The Ashvakas were especially engaged in the occupation of breeding, raising an ...

Including:

Ashvakas - Geographical location Ashvakas - Ashvakas are the Kambojas
Ashvakas - Buddhist Texts evidence Ashvakas - Mahabharata evidence Ashvakas - Ashvaka coins and Arthashastra evidence
Ashvakas - More opinions from scholars Ashvakas - Afghan and Ashvakan relationship Ashvakas - Kamboja cavalry in ancient wars
Ashvakas - Military supporters of Haihaya Yadavas Ashvakas - Military supporters of king Jarasandha of Magadha Ashvakas - Military supporters of Kurus in Mahabharta war Ashvakas - Military supporters of Vashishtha against Vishwamitra Ashvakas - In the armies of Persians against Greeks Ashvakas - Military supporters of Chandra Gupta Maurya Ashvakas - Military supporters of king Brihadratha Maurya Ashvakas - Yavana and Kamboja cavalry invades Mid India Ashvakas - Saka Kamboja Pahlava cavalry invades north-west India Ashvakas - Kamboja cavalry in the army of Palas of Bengal Ashvakas - Kamboja cavalry in the army of Gurjara-Pratiharas

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In the Battle of Gaugamela (IPA: /ˌgɔgəˈmilə/) in 331 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia. The battle is also inaccurately called the Battle of Arbela. Battle of Gaugamela - Combatants. Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander, 7,250 cavalry and 40,000 infantry. (According to Arrian) Persians under Darius, with maybe 35,000 mostly heavy cavalry, 200,000 infantry (including some 10,000 Greek mercenari ...

Including:

Battle of Gaugamela - Combatants Battle of Gaugamela - Location Battle of Gaugamela - Prelude Battle of Gaugamela - The battle Battle of Gaugamela - Aftermath

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Cyrus II of Persia, also known as Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Elder, (ca. 576 or 590 – July 529 BC), founded the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid Dynasty of Anshan by unifying two Iranian tribes: the Medes and the Persians. In two historical documents discovered in Babylon and Ur Cyrus identifies himself as the "King of Iran". Cyrus is the first king whose name was suffixed with the word "Great" (or Vazraka in Old Persian), a title adopted by his Acheamenid successors as well as by the overthrower of ...

Including:

Cyrus the Great - Background Cyrus the Great - The king of Persia
Cyrus the Great - Cyrus' wars Cyrus the Great - Administration of the Empire Cyrus the Great - The Cyrus Cylinder Cyrus the Great - Death of Cyrus
Cyrus the Great - Legacy Cyrus the Great - Sources

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In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: Κολχίς, kŏl´kĬs; Georgian: კოლხეთი, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. Now the western part of Georgia, it was in Greek mythology the home of Aeetes and Medea and the destination of the Argonauts. The ancient area is represented roughly by the present day Georgian provinces of Mingrelia, Imereti, Guria, Ajaria, Svaneti and Racha, and also Abkhazia and the modern Turkey’s Rize Provin ...

Including:

Colchis - Geography and toponyms Colchis - History
Colchis - Earliest times Colchis - Qulha Kolkha Colchis - Greek colonization Colchis - Under Pontus Colchis - Under the Roman rule
Colchis - Rulers Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology

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Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and philological data indicates that there was a shift of settlements from the northwestern part of South Asia to the Gangetic valley and to the south during the second millennium BCE, but does not clearly support a migration of Indo-Aryan people into South Asia. Based on linguistic data, many scholars have argued that Indo-Aryan speakers invaded in South Asia in the second millennium BCE. This correspo ...

Including:

Indo-Aryan migration - Overview Indo-Aryan migration - History Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics Indo-Aryan migration - Philology
Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah
Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology
Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia
Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

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In the Battle of Issus in 333 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia. Battle of Issus - Combatants. Macedonians and their Greek Allies, led by Alexander. With about 5,000 cavalry, 26,000 infantry. Persians under Darius III with some 30,000 Greek mercenaries, 60,000 Persian infantry and 30,000 Persian cavalry. (NOTE: these numbers were given by ancient sources, mainly Arrian and Curtius, who were notorious for inflating Persian numbers to make Alexander's victories s ...

Including:

Battle of Issus - Combatants Battle of Issus - Location Battle of Issus - Prelude Battle of Issus - The Motives Battle of Issus - The Battle Battle of Issus - Aftermath Battle of Issus - Depictions of the battle

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Alexander the Great (in Greek Μέγας Αλέξανδρος, transliterated Megas Alexandros; born in Pella, Macedon, in July, 356 BC, died in Babylon, on June 10, 323 BC), King of Macedon 336–323 BC, is arguably the most successful military commander in world history, conquering most of the known world before his death. Alexander is also known in the Zoroastrian Middle Persian work Arda Wiraz Nāmag as "the accursed Alexander" due to his conquest of the ...

Including:

Alexander the Great - Early life
Alexander the Great - The ascent of Macedon
Alexander the Great - Period of conquests
Alexander the Great - The defeat of the Persian Empire Alexander the Great - The invasion of India Alexander the Great - After India
Alexander the Great - Alexander's marriages and sexuality Alexander the Great - The army of Alexander the Great before the Battle of Gaugamela
Alexander the Great - Infantry Alexander the Great - Cavalry
Alexander the Great - Death Alexander the Great - Legacy and division of the empire Alexander the Great - Timeline Alexander the Great - Alexander's character
Alexander the Great - Stories and legends
Alexander the Great - Ancient sources Alexander the Great - Alexander's legend
Alexander the Great - Alexander's legend in non-Western sources
Alexander the Great - Main towns founded by Alexander Alexander the Great - Alexander in popular media Alexander the Great - Note

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The Vedic civilization is the Indo-Aryan culture associated with the Vedas, the earliest known records of Indian history. Mainstream scholarship places the Vedic civilization into the 2nd and 1st millennia BC, many Hindu scholars date its beginnings as early as the 7th millennium BC based on astronomical information in the Vedas, genetics, horse bones findings in Harappan places that suggest a Vedic way of living before 2000 BC,and the reference to a big Saraswati river in Rig Veda which proves Vedic people were there before it decrea ...

Including:

Vedic civilization - Overview Vedic civilization - Rigvedic period
Vedic civilization - Political organization Vedic civilization - Society and economy
Vedic civilization - Vedic Religion Vedic civilization - The later Vedic period
Vedic civilization - Kingdoms Vedic civilization - Society

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145 - Events. Change of era name from Jiankang (1st year) to Yongxi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty Change of emperor from Han Chongdi to Han Zhidi of the Chinese Han Dynasty Ajmere, India is founded. Arrian becomes archon in Athens. 145 - Deaths. Han Chongdi, emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty Category: 145 ...

Including:

145 - Events 145 - Deaths

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Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: افغانستان, Afğānistān) is a country at the crossroads of Asia. Usually placed in Central Asia geographically, Afghanistan is also sometimes categorized within South Asia and the Middle East, as it has either cultural, ethno-linguistic, and/or geographic links with most of its neighbors. It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China to the east. It has a population of 30 million people, although this remains an estimate as ...

Including:

Afghanistan - Origin and history of the name Afghanistan - History Afghanistan - Politics Afghanistan - Subdivisions Afghanistan - Geography Afghanistan - Economy
Afghanistan - Economy References
Afghanistan - Demographics Afghanistan - Constitution Afghanistan - Culture Afghanistan - Education Afghanistan - Additional references

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The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. Alans - Name. The various forms of Alan, as well as the Iron of the Ossetes (descendants of the Alans), are an Iranian dialectical form of Aryan. The ancient Alans were on what is generally conceded (although not without contest) to be the original or one of the origin ...

Including:

Alans - Name Alans - Early Alans Alans - The 'western' Alans and Vandals Alans - Alans and Slavs Alans - The 'eastern' Alans and Huns Alans - Medieval Alania Alans - The Mongol Invasions and their aftermath

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Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria (in Arabic, الإسكندرية, transliterated al-ʼIskandariyyah) is the chief seaport in Egypt, and that country's second largest city, and the capital of the Al Iskandariyah governate. It is located at 31°12′N 29°15′E, 208 km (129 miles) northwest of Cairo. The Canopic mouth of the Nile (now dry) was 19 km (12 miles) east, near the ancient city of Canopus ...

Including:

Alexandria - History
Alexandria - Founding Alexandria - Roman jurisdiction Alexandria - After Amr Alexandria - The 1800s Alexandria - Bombardment of 1882 Alexandria - Under British control
Alexandria - Geography
Alexandria - Layout of the ancient city Alexandria - The modern city
Alexandria - Ancient remains Alexandria - Antiquities

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Tyana was an ancient city of Anatolia, in modern south-eastern Turkey. The ruins of Tyana are at Kemerhisar, three miles south of Nigde; there are remains of a Roman aqueduct and of cave cemetries. The surrounding plain was known as Tyanitis. It was in a strategic position on the road to Syria via the Cilician Gates. It is the reputed birthplace of Apollonius of Tyana. Tyana is probably the city referred to in Hittite archives as Tuwanuwa. In Greek legend the city was first called Thoana, because Thoas, a Thracian ...

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The Greek term anabasis referred to an expedition from a coastline into the interior of a country. The term katabasis referred to a trip from the interior to the coast. So anabasis means "Expedition" or "The March Up Country" and carries the same connotation in Greek as it does in English. There are two classic texts with the name: Anabasis (Xenophon) by the Greek writer Xenophon (431–360 BC) Anabasis Alexandri, by the Roman historian Arrian (92–175) who wrote in Greek, is about Alexander the Great There is also a book of poems by Saint-John Perse called Anabas ...

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Callisthenes of Olynthus (in Greek Καλλισθένης; c. 360-328 BC) was a Greek historian, a great nephew and pupil of Aristotle, through whose recommendation he was appointed to attend Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition as a professional historian. He censured Alexander's adoption of oriental customs, inveighing especially against the servile ceremony of adoration. Having thereby greatly offended the king, he was accused of being privy to a treaso ...

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The terms Dravidians and Dravidian Race are sometimes given to the peoples of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil (தமிழ்), Telugu (తెలుగు), Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), Malayalam (മലയാളം) and Tulu (ತುಳು). Dravidian people - Ethnology. The term arose from nineteenth century Western scholars assumptions that Dravidian speakers were a distinct group within India, separate from the speak ...

Including:

Dravidian people - Ethnology Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples Dravidian people - Dravidian and Vedic culture Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam Dravidian people - The Eastern Ethiopians Dravidian people - Dravidian tradition and Hinduism

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175 - Events. Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter (approximate date) Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats the Marcomanni. Marcus Aurelius suppressed a revolt of the legate Avidus Cassius in Syria 175 - Births. Fa Zheng, advisor of Liu Bei Sun Ce, elder brother of founder of the Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan Zhou Yu, militarist and strategist of the Three Kingdoms of China 175 - Deaths. Including:

175 - Events 175 - Births 175 - Deaths

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