aromatic hydrocarbons - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Chemical Properties Of Coal
Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia - Biodiesel
Biodiesel is fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, and has signifi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkylation: Encyclopedia - Alkylation
Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. In a standard oil refinery process, alkylation combines low-mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia - Gasoline
Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. Gasolin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia - Diesel
Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Gas: Encyclopedia - Acid Gas
Acid gas or Sour gas, also sour acid gas or acid sour gas, is natural gas which contains up to 20% hydrogen sulfide contaminant by weight...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia - Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent eleme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride: Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride
Copper(II) chloride is the higher chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl2. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite. It is a br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creosote: Encyclopedia - Creosote
Creosote is the name used for a variety of products: wood creosote, coal tar creosote, coal tar, coal tar pitch, and coal tar pitch volat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia - Coal Assay
Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particlar physical and chemical properties of coals. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloracne: Encyclopedia - Chloracne
Chloracne is an acne-like eruption of blackheads, cysts, and pustules associated with over-exposure to certain halogenic aromatic hydroca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrocarbon - Burning Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are one of Earth's most important natural resources. Hydrocarbons are currently the main source of the world’s electric en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethane: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethane - Ocurrence And Use
After methane, ethane is the second-largest component of natural gas. Natural gas from different gas fields varies in ethane content from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Production
Main article: Biodiesel production Chemically, biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 13-butadiene: Encyclopedia Ii - 13-butadiene - Production
In the United States, western Europe, and Japan, butadiene is produced as a byproduct of the steam cracking process used to produce ethyl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Chemical Analysis And Production
Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. These days, material that is simply separated from crude oil via distillation, called natural gas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Early Life
Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon to Herman Henry William Pauling (1876-1910) of Concordia, Missouri; and Lucy Isabelle Darling (1881-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paint Stripper: Encyclopedia Ii - Paint Stripper - Other Components
Various co-solvents are added to the primary active ingredient. These assist with penetration into the paint and its removal and differ a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Causes
Exposure to carcinogens, such as those present in tobacco smoke, immediately causes cumulative changes to the tissue lining the bronchi o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Petroleum Diesel
Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distingui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jet Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Jet Fuel - History Of Jet Fuel
Fuel for a piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-octane gasoline known as AvGas) has a low flash point to improve its ignition c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Icd-10 Chapters S And T: Injury Poisoning And Certain Other Consequences Of External Causes: Encyclopedia Ii - Icd-10 Chapters S And T: Injury Poisoning And Certain Other Consequences Of External Causes - S00-t14 - Injury
ICD-10 Chapters S and T: Injury poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes - S00-S09 head. (S00) Superficial injury o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - Applications
In an oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of "light" products (such as LPG and gasoline) from heavier crude oil distilla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Notable Characteristics
Carbon is a remarkable element for many reasons. Its different forms include one of the softest (graphite) and one of the hardest (diamon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-kno...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloracne: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloracne - Etiology And Progression
Chloracne normally results from direct skin contact with chloracnegens, although ingestion and inhalation are also possible causative rou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Copper(II) chloride is an ionic compound which dissociates in aqueous solution, but coordination of chloride to Cu2+ does partially occur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Fuel Quality, Standards And Properties
Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Precautions
Carbon is relatively safe. Inhalation of fine soot in large quantities can be dangerous. Carbon may catch fire at very high temperatures ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Isotopes
Carbon has two stable, naturally-occurring isotopes: carbon-12, or 12C, (98.89%) and carbon-13, or 13C, (1.11%), and one unstable, natura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Occurrence
There are nearly ten million carbon compounds known to science. Many thousands of these are vital to life processes. They are also many o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to ignite earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloracne: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloracne - Treatment
Once chloracne has been identified, the primary action is to remove the patient and all other individuals from the source of contaminatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Types
There are two main types of lung cancer categorised by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Physical And Mechanical Properties
Relative density Relative density or specific gravity of the coal depends on the rank of the coal and degree of mineral impurity. Knowled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Treatment
Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific form, how far it has spread, and other factors such as the patient's age and g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Epidemiology
The population segment most likely to develop lung cancer is the over-fifties who also have a history of smoking. Lung cancer is the seco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Pauling's Legacy
Pauling's contribution to science is held in the utmost regard. He was included in a list of the 20 greatest scientists of all time by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Work In Alternative Medicine
In 1941, at age 40, Pauling was diagnosed with a serious form of Bright’s disease, a fatal renal disease. Experts believed then that Br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - History
In 1855, petroleum cracking methods were pioneered by Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., of Yale University (then Sheffield Scie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 13-butadiene: Encyclopedia Ii - 13-butadiene - History
In 1863, a French chemist isolated a previously unknown hydrocarbon from the pyrolysis of amyl alcohol.[N] This hydrocarbon was identifie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 13-butadiene: Encyclopedia Ii - 13-butadiene - Uses
Most butadiene is polymerized to produce synthetic rubber. While polybutadiene itself is a very soft, almost liquid material, polymers pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Diagnosis
Performing a chest X-ray is the first step if a patient reports symptoms that may be suggestive of lung cancer. This may reveal an obviou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - History And Etymology
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Applications
Carbon is a vital component of all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Other Uses
Bad quality (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Uses
Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. In Europe, the United States and Canada, taxes on diesel fue...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-known allotropes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Pauling's Legacy
Pauling's contribution to science is held in the utmost regard. He was included in a list of the 20 greatest scientists of all time by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Fuel Quality Standards And Properties
Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - History
Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853, by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - Chemistry
"Cracking" breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. This can be done with a thermic or catalytic method. The thermal cracking process f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Availability
Biodiesel - Australia. With around 100 million litres (26.5 million US Gallons) annual production capacity, commercial biodiesel produc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrocarbon - The Number Of Hydrogen Atoms
The number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons can be determined, if the number of carbon atoms is known, by using these following equation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethane: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethane - Chemistry
In the laboratory, ethane may be conveniently prepared by Koble electrolyis. In this technique, an aqueous solution of an acetate salt is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - History
Gasoline - Pharmaceutical. Before internal combustion engines were invented in the mid-1800s, gasoline was sold in small bottles as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode ear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Other Uses
Bad quaility (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Uses
Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. In both Europe and the United States, taxes on diesel fuel a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - History
The first thermal cracking method, the Burton process, was invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first using it to produce gaso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Dangers
Many of the non-aliphatic hydrocarbons naturally present in gasoline (especially aromatic ones like benzene), as well as many anti-knocki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Energy Content
Gasoline contains about 45 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg) or 135MJ/US gallon. Volumetric energy density of some fuels compared to gasoli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrocarbon - Petroleum
Liquid geologically-extracted hydrocarbons are referred to as petroleum (literally "rock oil") or mineral oil, while gaseous geologic hyd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperii Chloride - Uses
A major industrial application for copper(II) chloride is as a co-catalyst (along with palladium(II) chloride) in the Wacker process. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Work On The Nature Of The Chemical Bond
In the 1930s he began publishing papers on the nature of the chemical bond, leading to his famous textbook on the subject published in 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Early Scientific Career
Pauling later traveled to Europe on a Guggenheim Fellowship to study under Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich, Niels Bohr in Copenhagen, and Erw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Work On Biological Molecules
In the mid-1930s, Pauling decided to strike out into new areas of interest. Early in his career, he had mentioned a lack of interest in s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Activism
Pauling had been practically apolitical until World War II, but the war changed his life profoundly, and he became a peace activist. Duri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Work In Alternative Medicine
In the late 1950s, Pauling worked on the role of enzymes in brain function, believing that mental illness may be partly caused by enzyme ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - Marriage
In his senior year he met Ava Helen Miller, a fellow student, and he married her on June 17, 1923; they had three sons and a daughter. In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia Ii - Linus Pauling - College And University
In 1917, Pauling entered the Oregon Agricultural College (OAC) in Corvallis, now Oregon State University. Because of financial needs, he ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Icd-10 Chapters S And T: Injury Poisoning And Certain Other Consequences Of External Causes: Encyclopedia Ii - Icd-10 Chapters S And T: Injury Poisoning And Certain Other Consequences Of External Causes - T15-t98 - Poisoning And Certain Other Consequences Of External Causes
ICD-10 Chapters S and T: Injury poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes - T15-T19 Effects of foreign body entering t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperii Chloride - Preparation
Copper(II) chloride is prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on copper(II) oxide, copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate, for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jet Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Jet Fuel - Modern Fuels
The most common fuel worldwide is a kerosene-based fuel classified as JET A-1. JET A-1 is produced to an internationally standardized set...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jet Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Jet Fuel - Jet A
Jet A is the standard jet fuel type in the U.S. since 1950's. Jet A has a fairly high flash point of min. 38°C, with an autoignition tem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Special Combustion Tests
Specific Energy Aside from physical or chemical analyses to determine the handling and pollutant profile of a coal, the energy output of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Signs And Symptoms
Symptoms that suggest lung cancer include: dyspnea (shortness of breath) hemoptysis (coughing up blood) chronic cough wheezing chest pai...   » Read the article