Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

While the Reconquista, the centuries long fight to reconquer the Iberian peninsula on the Arabo-Barbaresque Moors (who called it al-Andalus), fills all the criteria for crusades, it is not customary to call the resulting Catholic principalities crusader states. The term is usually reseved for the more aggressive crusades: Crusader states - In the Levant. The first four Crusader states were created in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade: The first Crusader state, the County of ...

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Crusader states, Crusader states - Facing Islam, Crusader states - In the Levant, Crusader states - Cyprus, Crusader states - In Greece, Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs, Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism, Crusader states - Prussia

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia II - Crusader states - Facing Islam

Sis (also known as Sissu, Sision, later Flavias or Flaviopolis) has had an important place in Armenian Apostolic Church ecclesiastical history. In 302, Gregory the Illuminator was consecrated the first Catholicos of Armenia, but transferred his see to Vagarshabad (Echmiadzin), whence, after the fall of the Arsacids, it passed to Tovin. In 704, Sis was besieged by the Arabs, but relieved by the Byzantines. The Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil took it and refortified it, but it soon returned to Byzantine h ...

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Kozan Adana, Kozan Adana - Economy, Kozan Adana - History

Read more here: » Kozan Adana: Encyclopedia II - Kozan Adana - History

In 1009 the Fatamid ruler Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah demolished the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, an act that would help light the spark of the Crusades. Pope Urban II called on Christians throughout Europe to unite and drive out the Seljuk "infidels" who had been harassing and suppressing the Christians trying to live in and pass through the Holy Land. The Pope's call was taken up and the heavily armored crusaders set off across Europe, through the Balkans, past the Byzantine Empire and even wandered in sight of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia o ...

See also:

Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187, 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187, 1229–1244

In 591, the great Byzantine warrior-Emperor Maurice defeated the Persians and 'recovered' much of the remaining territory of Armenia into the empire. The conquest was completed by the Emperor Heraclius in 629. In 645, the Moslem Arab armies of the Caliphate had attacked the country, which fell, an easy victim, before them. So Armenia, which once had its own rulers and was at other times under Persian and Byza ...

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History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium

Between the 4th and 19th centuries, Armenia was conquered and ruled by Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Mongols, and Turks, among others. The Ottoman Empire ceded a big part of Armenia to the Russian Empire, known as Eastern Armenia or Russian Armenia following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, while Western Armenia or Ottoman Armenia remained under Ottoman sovereignty. ...

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History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514

Although the native dynasty of the Bagratids to which the Arabs gave the royal crown of Armemia, was founded under favourable circumstances, the feudal system gradually weakened the country by eroding loyalty to the central government. Thus internally enfeebled, Armenia proved an easy victim for the Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan in the latter half of the eleventh century. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen with some of his countrymen went into ...

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History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the takeover of the Bolsheviks, Stepan Shaumyan was placed in charge of Armenia. The convention in Tiflis happened in September of 1917. The convention elected an Armenian National Council. Meanwhile, both the Ittihad (Unionist) and the Nationalists moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks. Mustafa Kemal sent several delegations to Moscow. This alliance proved disastrous for the Armenians. The signing of the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (January 1, 1918), helped the Vehib Pasha to att ...

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History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922

After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic Greek successor state of Alexander the Great's short-lived empire, the first Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. At its zenith, from 95 to 66 BC, Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. For a time, Armenia was one of the most powerful states in the Roman East. It came under Roman control in 66 BC, and the Armenian people adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. Armenia w ...

See also:

History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the takeover of the Bolsheviks, Stepan Shaumyan was placed in charge of Armenia. The convention in Tiflis happened in September of 1917. The convention elected a Armenian National Council. Meanwhile, both the Ittihad (Unionist) and the Nationalists moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviki. Mustafa Kemal sent several delegations to Moscow. These friendships proved disastrous for the Armenians. The signing of the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (January 1, 1918), helped the Vehib Pasha to ...

See also:

History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922

In 1190 Bohemund met the remnants of the German contingent arriving on the Third Crusade; Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, had died on the way and some of his remains were buried in Antioch. He otherwise played little role in the crusade, preferring to remain neutral to avoid provoking Saladin. In 1194 Bohemund was captured by Leo II of Armenia. Leo had seized the castle of Bagras, on the northern border of Antioch, which had been captured by Saladin in 1189. Bohemund and the Knights Templar, its original owners, demanded its return. Leo lur ...

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Bohemund III of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Early life, Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Excommunication, Bohemund III of Antioch - Collapse of Jerusalem, Bohemund III of Antioch - Later life and death, Bohemund III of Antioch - Family and children, Bohemund III of Antioch - Sources

Read more here: » Bohemund III of Antioch: Encyclopedia II - Bohemund III of Antioch - Later life and death

In AD 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. It established a church that still exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so in 451 as a result of its excommunication by the Council of Chalcedon. The Armenian Apostolic Church is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. From arou ...

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History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Christianisation

Armenians today are scattered all over the world, constituting the Armenian Diaspora. About 3 million Armenians live in Armenia, but there are also about 2 – 2.5 million in Russia, 267,000–400,000 in Georgia, at least 400,000 (but possibly as many as 1 million) in the United States, 250,000 or more in France, 200,000 in Iran (mostly in Tehran and Isfahan jolfa), 120,000 in Nagorno-Karabakh, 100,000 in Syria, 75,000—150,000 in Lebanon, 45,000 in Turkey, and more scattered in other counties. All together there are about 8 million worldwi ...

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Armenians, Armenians - History, Armenians - Geographic distribution, Armenians - Culture, Armenians - Language, Armenians - Religion, Armenians - Institutions, Armenians - Classification

Read more here: » Armenians: Encyclopedia II - Armenians - Geographic distribution

Armenians - Language. Main articles: Armenian language, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Armenians, Armenians - History, Armenians - Geographic distribution, Armenians - Culture, Armenians - Language, Armenians - Religion, Armenians - Institutions, Armenians - Classification

Read more here: » Armenians: Encyclopedia II - Armenians - Culture

The Armenian Kingdom of Urartu or Van flourished in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor between ca. 800 BC and 600 BC. It streched from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, including much of modern Eastern Turkey. According to Strabo (XI.14.5), Armeno-Phrygians conquered Carenitis (the upper Euphrates region) from the Chalybes, probably around 600 BC. The Armenians subsequently moved to the territory of the failing kingdom of Urartu. In the 5th century BC, when both Armenians and Phrygians served under Xerxes (during the reign of the Achaemenid ...

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History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Early History

After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic Greek successor state of Alexander the Great's short-lived empire, a Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. At its zenith, from 95 to 66 BC, Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. For a time, Armenia was one of the most powerful states in the Roman East. It came under Roman control in 66 BC, and the Armenian people adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. Armenia w ...

See also:

History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom

Crusader states - Prussia. During the Northern Crusades, a Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights was founded in Prussia to combat pagan tribes. There were various other military order polities. ...

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Crusader states, Crusader states - Facing Islam, Crusader states - In the Levant, Crusader states - Cyprus, Crusader states - In Greece, Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs, Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism in Europe, Crusader states - Prussia, Crusader states - Diverted crusaders, Crusader states - Sources and References

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia II - Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism in Europe

According to a famous story, a priest begged Marco on his deathbed to confess that he had lied in his stories. Marco refused, insisting, "I have not told half of what I saw!". This anecdote is an example of the skepticism that welcomed Marco's tales during his life. In recent times, while most historians believe Marco Polo did reach China, some have proposed he did not get that far and only retold information he had heard from others. Those skeptics point out that among other omissions, his account fails to mention Chinese writing, ch ...

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Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact

Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?

Armenians - Language. Main article: Armenian language It is estimated that there are at least 10 million Armenian speakers in the world. 6 million of the Armenian speakers live in the Caucasus and Russia, and perhaps another million people in the Armenian diaspora are also Armenian speakers. According to US Census figures, there are 300,000 Americans who speak Armenian at home. It is the 20th most commonly spoken language ...

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Armenians, Armenians - History, Armenians - Geographic distribution, Armenians - Culture, Armenians - Language, Armenians - Religion, Armenians - Institutions, Armenians - Classification

Read more here: » Armenians: Encyclopedia II - Armenians - Culture

The Persian conquest and sacking of Jerusalem in 614 and the subsequent Islamic conquest in 638 found the Armenians under siege from their Byzantine masters and they therefore welcomed the invaders as a way to get back the Church property confiscated under Emperor Justinian, and which they had been forbidden from entering. The Armenians now became subject to the Pact of Omar and they became Dhimmis. They would pay a special poll tax called Jizya, sometimes be forced to wear special clothing including Blue Turbans, and not be allowed to const ...

See also:

Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099

In 1009 the Fatamid ruler Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah demolished the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, an act that would help light the spark of the Crusades. Pope Urban II called on Christians throughout Europe to unite and drive out the Seljuk "infidels" who had been harassing and suppressing the Christians trying to live in and pass through the Holy Land. The Pope's call was taken up and the heavily armored crusaders set off across Europe, through the Balkans, past the Byzantine Empire and even wandered in sight of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia o ...

See also:

Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244

Armenians are a sub branch of the Indo-European family, which migrated from the north Caucasus in multiple directions around 4500 B.C. Armenians are their own sub-group in the Indo-European family and one of the smallest by population of the family. Whereas other Indo-European ethnic groups such as the Slavs and the Germanics have their own sub-groups, the Armenians do not. The Armenians have long been viewed as a nation; however, in diaspora, especially since the era of World War I, they ha ...

See also:

Armenians, Armenians - History, Armenians - Geographic distribution, Armenians - Culture, Armenians - Language, Armenians - Religion, Armenians - Institutions, Armenians - Classification

Read more here: » Armenians: Encyclopedia II - Armenians - Classification