The Armenians came to serve the Byzantines, as military officers and governors, and when Imperial power in the region weakened in the chaotic years after the Battle of Manzikert, some of these seized the opportunity to set themself up as sovereign Lords, while others remained, at least in name, loyal. The most successful of these early warlords was Philaretos Brachamios, a former Armenian general of Romanus IV Diogenes. Between 1078 and 1085, Philaretus built a principality stretching from Cilici ...

See also:

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia - Byzantine Cilicia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia - Foundation of Armenian power in Cilicia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia - The First Crusade and the Roupenid principality, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia - The Kingdom of Armenia

Read more here: » Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia - Foundation of Armenian power in Cilicia

Constantine IV of Armenia (died 1344) was the first Latin king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1342 to 1344. Born Guy of Lusignan (not to be confused with the 12th century King-Consort of Jerusalem of the same name), he took the name Constantine upon his accession in 1342. He was the son of Isabelle (or Zabel), Princess of Armenia (daughter of Leo III of Armenia) and Amalric de Lusignan. Guy came to the throne on the death of his cousin Leo V of Armenia. The crown had first been offered to his younger bro ...

Including:

• Constantine IV of Armenia - Bibliography

Read more here: » Constantine IV of Armenia: Encyclopedia - Constantine IV of Armenia

Constantine VI of Armenia (died 1373) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1362 to 1373. He was the son of Hethum of Neghir, a nephew of Hethum I of Armenia. Constantine came to the throne on the death of his cousin Constantine V of Armenia. Constantine was the second husband of Marie of Armenia, daughter of Oshin of Corycos and Jeanne of Anjou. (Constantine V had been her first husband.) Constantine formed an alliance with Peter I of Cyprus, offering him the port and castle of Corycus. On Peter's death in 1369, Co ...

Including:

• Constantine VI of Armenia - Bibliography

Read more here: » Constantine VI of Armenia: Encyclopedia - Constantine VI of Armenia

Constantine V of Armenia (died 1362) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1344 to 1362. He was the son of Baldwin, Marshal of Armenia, a nephew of Hethum I of Armenia. Constantine came to the throne on the death of his cousin Constantine IV of Armenia who had been killed in an uprising in 1344. He attempted to wipe out all rival claimants for the throne; he gave orders to kill Constantine IV's nephews, Bemon and Leon of Lusignan, but ...

Including:

• Constantine V of Armenia - Bibliography

Read more here: » Constantine V of Armenia: Encyclopedia - Constantine V of Armenia

Constantine II of Armenia was briefly prince of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling the country in 1129. He was poisoned and buried at Trazarg. Constantine II of Armenia - Bibliography. T.S.R. Boase, editor. The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia. Scottish Academic Press, 1978. ...

Including:

• Constantine II of Armenia - Bibliography

Read more here: » Constantine II of Armenia: Encyclopedia - Constantine II of Armenia

The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. It might appear that the Armenian quarter would be a part of the Christian Quarter, since virtually all Armenians residing in Jerusalem are Christians, yet for historical reasons the Armenian quarter has remained separate and has not suffered the same disruptions as the other quarters over the last thousand years. Although the smallest of the four quarters, with the fewest residents, the Armenians and their patriarchate remain staunchly independent and pres ...

Including:

• Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD
• Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099
• Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244
• Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period
• Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917
• Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites
• Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948
• Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967
• Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia - Armenian Quarter

For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. 1292 - Events. 1292 - Europe. November 17 - (Julian calendar) John Balliol is selected as King of Scotland from among 13 candidates by King Edward I of England; Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually leading to the Wars of Scottish Independence commencing in 1296. 1292 - Asia. The Lanna kingdom of northern Thailand conqu ...

Including:

• 1292 - Events
• 1292 - Europe
• 1292 - Asia
• 1292 - Births
• 1292 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1292: Encyclopedia - 1292

Albert Avogadro (1149-September 14, 1214), was a canon lawyer who served as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1204 until his death. Born in Parma, Albert was educated in theology and law and served as Bishop of Bobbio until 1184, when he was appointed Bishop of Vercelli. He served the Papacy as a mediator and diplomat between Pope Clement III and Frederick Barbarossa. He served as papal legate in 1 ...

Read more here: » Albert Avogadro: Encyclopedia - Albert Avogadro

The Armenians are a nation and an ethnic group, originating in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor. A large concentration remain there, especially in Armenia, but almost as many are scattered elsewhere throughout the world (see Armenian Diaspora). Russia: 2–2.5 million 2 est. Georgia: 248,900–400,0004 est. United States: 385,488 (2000 census) — 1 million est. 3 France: 250,000 6 est. Iran: 200,000^Including:

• Armenians - History
• Armenians - Geographic distribution
• Armenians - Culture
• Armenians - Language
• Armenians - Religion
• Armenians - Institutions
• Armenians - Classification

Read more here: » Armenians: Encyclopedia - Armenians

Constantine III of Armenia (1278- c.1310) was briefly king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1298 to 1299. He was the son of Leo III of Armenia and Kyranna de Lampron. He helped his brother Sempad to usurp the throne in 1296, but turned against him two years later in 1298 to restore his older brother Hethum II. He assumed the throne for a year while Hethum recovered from his imprisonement. Shortly after Hethum's resumption in 1299, Constantine plotted to restore Se ...

Including:

• Constantine III of Armenia - Bibliography

Read more here: » Constantine III of Armenia: Encyclopedia - Constantine III of Armenia

The Crusader states were the feudal territories created by Catholic Western Europeans during Holy Wars, called crusades because they carried cross-markings as symbols of their goal, to establish the Christian faith in territories under the sway of Islam or paganism. It is mainly said of the states founded by crusaders in the Orthodox and Muslim Eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries. However it can also apply to the other territorial gains (often small and short-lived) elsewhere against Muslim ...

Including:

• Crusader states - Facing Islam
• Crusader states - In the Levant
• Crusader states - Cyprus
• Crusader states - In Greece
• Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs
• Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism
• Crusader states - Prussia

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia - Crusader states

The Polo name originally didn't belong to a family of explorers but to a family of traders. Marco Polo's father, Niccolò (also Nicolò in Venetian) and his uncle, Maffeo (also Maffio), were prosperous merchants who traded with the East. They were partners with a third brother, named Marco il vecchio (the Elder). In 1259, the two brothers lived in the Venetian quarter of Constantinople, where they enjoyed political privileges and tax relief because of their country’s role in establishing the Latin Empire in the Fourth ...

See also:

Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact

Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo

List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location. In and around what is now Bulgaria Third Bulgarian Kingdom (1878-1944) Principality of Bulgaria (1878-1908) Commonwealth of England - (non-existant) In and around what is now Scandinavia Grand Duchy of Finland Kalmar Union - (dissolved) Denmark-Norway - (dissolved) Sweden-Norway - (dissolved) In and around what is n ...

See also:

List of extinct states, List of extinct states - Ancient and medieval states, List of extinct states - Ancient Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - South Asia, List of extinct states - China and South East Asia, List of extinct states - Pre-Columbian Americas, List of extinct states - Medieval Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - Modern states, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by type

Read more here: » List of extinct states: Encyclopedia II - List of extinct states - Modern states

Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland and surrounding areas—the Kura-Araxes culture—is assigned the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC, and is believed to have subsequently developed into the Trialeti culture (ca. 2200 ...

See also:

History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today

Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Prehistory

The Lusignans were among the French nobles who made great careers in the Crusades. An ancestor of the later Lusignan dynasty in the Holy Land, Hugh of Lusignan, was killed in the east during the Crusade of 1101. Another Hugh arrived in the 1160s and was captured in a battle with Nur ad-Din. In the 1170s, the brothers Guy and Amalric arrived in Jerusalem, having been expelled by Richard Lionheart (at that point, acting Duke of Aquitaine) from his realm, which meant that they were not allowed to sojourn at their home near Poitiers. In the Holy ...

See also:

Lusignan, Lusignan - Origins, Lusignan - Crusader kings, Lusignan - Lords of Lusignan, Lusignan - Other Lusignans of renown, Lusignan - Second House of Lusignan in Cyprus etc

Read more here: » Lusignan: Encyclopedia II - Lusignan - Crusader kings

Until modern times, the history of the Armenians is the history of Armenia. The name Armenia designated a shifting region, but the Armenians had a continuous presence as a people in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor. The predecessors of the first Armenian Kingdom in the 6th century BC were the Kingdom of Urartu, Hittite Empire, Phrygia as well as various small states and confederations such as the Hayasa. The most commonly accepted contemporary theory expounds that the Armenians moved into the area around the 7th century BC. Accordi ...

See also:

Armenians, Armenians - History, Armenians - Geographic distribution, Armenians - Culture, Armenians - Language, Armenians - Religion, Armenians - Institutions, Armenians - Classification

Read more here: » Armenians: Encyclopedia II - Armenians - History

The Armenians are an ancient people who have inhabited parts of Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus for more than three thousand years. The first known instance of an Armenian to come anywhere near Jerusalem arrived in the 95 BC under King Tigranes II of Armenia. The Armenian armies captured Caesarea before leaving the Holy Land. It was at this time that Jews may have come to trade with Armenia and settle in that far away land when likewise some Armenians came to know of the lands around Jerusalem and may have traded with the Herodian Jewish state ...

See also:

Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD

While the Reconquista, the centuries long fight to reconquer the Iberian peninsula on the Arabo-Barbaresque Moors (who called it al-Andalus), fills all the criteria for crusades, it is not customary to call the resulting Catholic principalities crusader states. The term is usually reseved for the more aggressive crusades: Crusader states - In the Levant. The first four Crusader states were created in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade: The first Crusader state, the County of ...

See also:

Crusader states, Crusader states - Facing Islam, Crusader states - In the Levant, Crusader states - Cyprus, Crusader states - In Greece, Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs, Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism in Europe, Crusader states - Prussia, Crusader states - Diverted crusaders, Crusader states - Sources and References

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia II - Crusader states - Facing Islam

In 1164, Bohemund and Raymond III of Tripoli marched out to relieve Harim, under siege from Nur ad-Din, but when Nur ad-Din retreated Bohemund led a charge against him. The ensuing battle was a disaster and both Bohemund and Raymond were taken prisoner. King Amalric I of Jerusalem hastened back from his invasion of Egypt to take control of the regency of Antioch; Bohemund was freed, for a large ransom, in 1165 with the intervention of Amalric and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, his nominal overlord; Manuel was also his brother-in-law, a ...

See also:

Bohemund III of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Early life, Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Excommunication, Bohemund III of Antioch - Collapse of Jerusalem, Bohemund III of Antioch - Later life and death, Bohemund III of Antioch - Family and children, Bohemund III of Antioch - Sources

Read more here: » Bohemund III of Antioch: Encyclopedia II - Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch

1292 - Europe. November 17 - (Julian calendar) John Balliol is selected as King of Scotland from among 13 candidates by King Edward I of England; Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually leading to the Wars of Scottish Independence commencing in 1296. 1292 - Asia. The Lanna kingdom of northern Thailand conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai. The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat is subjugated by the D ...

See also:

1292, 1292 - Events, 1292 - Europe, 1292 - Asia, 1292 - Births, 1292 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1292: Encyclopedia II - 1292 - Events