Aristotle - Logic

Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology

Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says that 'on the subject of reasoning' he 'had nothing else on an earlier date to speak about'" (Bocheński, 1951). However, Plato reports that syntax was thought of before him, by Prodikos of Keos, who was concerned by the right use of words. Logic seems to have emerged from dialectics; the earlier philosophers used concepts like ...

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Aristotle - Biography

Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics

Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics

Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics

Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Causality

The philosophical concept of causality or causation refers to the set of all particular "causal" or "cause-and-effect" relations. A neutral definition is notoriously hard to provide since every aspect of causation has received substantial debate. Most generally, causation is a relationship that holds between events, objects, variables, or states of affairs. It is usually presumed that the cause chronologically precedes the effect. Finally, the existence of a causal relationship generally suggests that - all other things bein ...

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Causality - Causation in the history of philosophy

Causality - Causation in religion and theology

Causality - Causality in science and the humanities

Causality - Causality in law

Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Category of being

In metaphysics (in particular, ontology), the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being or simply categories. According to the Aristotelian tradition, a being is anything that can be said to be in the various senses of this word. Hence, to investigate the categories of being is to determine the most fundamental senses in which things can be said to be. A category, more precisely, is any of the broadest classes of things - 'thing' here meaning anything whatever that ca ...

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Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Organon

The Organon is the name given by Aristotle's followers, the Peripatetics, for the standard collection of six of his works on logic. The system of logic described in two of these works, namely On Interpretation and the Prior Analytics, often called Aristotelian logic, is discussed in the article on term logic. Organon - Constitution of the texts. The order of the works is not chronological (which is now hard to determine), but was deliberately chosen by the Peripatetics to constitute a well-structured ...

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Organon - Constitution of the texts

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Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Alfred Tarski

Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 in Warsaw – October 26, 1983 in Berkeley, USA) was a Polish mathematician, and widely considered one of the four greatest logicians of all time, along with Aristotle, Gottlob Frege, and Kurt Gödel. Tarski wrote on algebra, algebraic logic, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, and metamathematics. See Truth for a brief description of the "Convention T" (see also T-schema) standard in his "inductive definition of truth". This was an important contribution to symbol ...

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Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Contradiction

Broadly speaking, a contradiction is an incompatibility between two or more statements, ideas, or actions. One must, it seems, reject at least one of the ideas outright. In logic, contradiction is defined much more specifically, usually as the simultaneous assertion of a statement and its negation ("denial" can be used instead of "negation"). This, of course, assumes that "negation" has a non-problematic definition. This idea is based on Aristotle's law of non-contradiction which states that "One cannot say of something that it is and that ...

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Contradiction - Contradiction outside of formal logic

Contradiction - Contradiction in formal logic

Contradiction - Contradictions and philosophy

Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Law of noncontradiction

In logic, the law of noncontradiction judges as false any proposition P asserting that both proposition Q and its denial, proposition not-Q, are true at the same time and "in the same respect". In the words of Aristotle, "One cannot say of something that it is and that it is not in the same respect and at the same time." More tersely, for any proposition P, it is not both the case that P and not-P. Symbolically, this is expressed as Bivalence and related laws examines how the law of non-contradiction is related to similar laws, such as the ...

Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Classical logic

Classical logic identifies a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used. They are characterised by a number of properties; non-classical logics are those that lack one or more of these properties, which are: Law of the excluded middle; Law of noncontradiction; Monotonicity of entailment and Idempotency of entailment; Commutativity of conjunction; De Morgan dual ...

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Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Logic

Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow ...

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Logic - Nature of logic

Logic - Topics in logic

Logic - Controversies in logic

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Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787 - 886), known as Albumasar, was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from Balkh, in today's Afghanistan. Many of his works were translated into Latin and were well known in Europe where he was called Albumasar. Richard Lemay has argued that the writings of Albumasar, were very likely the single most important original source of Aristotle's theories of nature for European scholars, starting a little before the middle of the 12th century. (see Richard Lemay, Abu Ma'shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century, The ...

Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia - De Morgan's laws

In logic, De Morgan's laws (or De Morgan's theorem) are rules in formal logic relating pairs of dual logical operators in a systematic manner expressed in terms of negation. The relationship so induced is called De Morgan duality. To give some intuition, suppose P is true if and only if it is raining and Q is true if and only if you are wearing a raincoat. If you never go in the rain without a raincoat, then it can't be that P is true and Q is false. Thus, following ...

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Aristotle - Logic: Encyclopedia II - Term logic - The proposition

In term logic, a "proposition" is simply a form of language: a particular kind of sentence, in which the subject and predicate are combined, so as to assert something true or false. It is not a thought, or an abstract entity or anything. The word "propositio" is from the Latin, meaning the first premise of a syllogism. Aristotle uses the word premise (protasis) as a sentence affirming or denying one thing of another (AP 1. 1 ...

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