Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Epistemology
Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Epistemology
Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Epistemology
Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia - Aristotle
Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle's Theory Of Universals: Encyclopedia - Aristotle's Theory Of Universals
Aristotle's theory of universals is one of the classic solutions to the problem of universals. Aristotle thought—to put it in a not-ver...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virtue Epistemology: Encyclopedia - Virtue Epistemology
Virtue epistemology refers to any number of modern epistemological approaches which approach contemporary problems by means of the intell...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotelian Ethics: Encyclopedia - Aristotelian Ethics
Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like metaphysics and epistemology) but is general knowledge. Also, as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia - Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn) (ca. May 21? 427 BC – ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, studen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virtue Ethics: Encyclopedia - Virtue Ethics
In philosophy, the phrase virtue ethics refers to ethical systems that focus primarily on what sort of person one should try to be. Thus,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Being: Encyclopedia - Being
A being, in the most general sense, is anything that is alive. Being with a capital 'B', on the other hand, is often used in philosophy t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia - Ontology
In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: being (part. of εἶναι: to be) and -λογία: writing about, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Metaphysics
Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Religion: Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Religion
Philosophy of religion is the rational study of the meaning and justification of fundamental religious claims, particularly about the nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Platonic Scholarship
Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Platonic Scholarship
Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics - Basic Philosophical Concepts
A priori -- A posteriori -- abduction -- absolute -- Aesthetics -- Age of Enlightenment -- Agnosticism -- Altruism -- Ambiguity -- Americ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotelian Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotelian Ethics - Three Ethical Treatises
Three treatises of Aristotle's ethics survive today: Nicomachean Ethics, the most popular Eudemian Ethics Magna Moralia Each is believe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotelian Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotelian Ethics - Influences Of Earlier Greek Ethical Systems
Aristotle's ethics builds upon earlier Greek ethics, particularly that of Aristotle's teacher Plato and his teacher, Socrates. One import...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotelian Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotelian Ethics - Influence On Later Thinkers
Aristotle was taught in Athens until 529 AD when the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I closed down non-Christian schools of philosophy. Arist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Problem Of Universals: Encyclopedia Ii - Problem Of Universals - Medieval Times
The most widely published non-religious text in the early middle ages was Boëthius's Consolation of Philosophy. Through it and his trans...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virtue Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Virtue Epistemology - Partial Bibliogaphy For Virtue Epistemology
Aquino, Frederick D. Communities of Informed Judgment: Newman’s Illative Sense and Accounts of Rationality. Washington, D.C.: Catholic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Problem Of Universals: Encyclopedia Ii - Problem Of Universals - Ancient Times
The debate may have begun with Heraclitus, who said that "we never step twice into the same river." In the time it takes us to move our r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Philosophy - Historical Texts
List of publications in philosophy - Western philosophy. Plato, Charmides Plato, Lysis Plato, Laches Plato, Protagoras Plato, Euthyde...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Metaphysics - The Origin Of The Word 'metaphysics'
The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle produced a number of works which together were called the Physics. In an early edition, the works...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Religion - Philosophy Of Religion As A Part Of Metaphysics
Philosophy of religion was classically regarded as a part of metaphysics, after Aristotle, among whose writings was a piece that later ed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eleatics: Encyclopedia Ii - Eleatics - Philosophy
The Eleatics rejected the epistemological validity of sense experience, and instead took mathematical standards of clarity and necessity ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotelian Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotelian Ethics - Criticisms
Aristotle, more than Socrates or Plato, defends the existing mores of his time. Although he argues for many values which many of today's ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Western Philosophy Russell: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Western Philosophy Russell - Structure
History of Western Philosophy is divided into three books, subdivided into sections and chapters - usually, each chapter deals with a sin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Early History Of Ontology
The concept of ontology is generally thought to have originated in early Greece and occupied Plato and Aristotle. Since the word is of Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eleatics: Encyclopedia Ii - Eleatics - History
The school took its name from Elea, a Greek city of lower Italy, the home of its chief exponents, Parmenides and Zeno. Its foundation is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epicurus: Encyclopedia Ii - Epicurus - Teachings
Epicurus' teachings represented a departure from the other major Greek thinkers of his period, and before, but was nevertheless founded o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - History
Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have develope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy - Branches Of Philosophy
There is no universal agreement about which subjects are the main branches of philosophy. The Aristotelian division was as follows: Meta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Philosophy - Origins
The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: "D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moral Objectivism: Encyclopedia Ii - Moral Objectivism - The Origin Of Immorality
Unlike moral relativism, proponents of moral objectivism face a unique challenge: explaining why people act immorally. To the moral relat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of History: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of History - Unit Of Study
In Poetics, Aristotle had argued that poetry is superior to history, because poetry speaks of what must or should be true, rather than me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karel Čapek: Encyclopedia Ii - Karel Čapek - An Outline Of Čapek's Works
Works which can be considered early science fiction: R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) The Makropulos Affair The Absolute at Large Krak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven: Encyclopedia Ii - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven - Vollenhoven's Successor And Students
D. H. Th. Vollenhoven - The Netherlands. Vollenhoven's successor as historian of philosophy at the VU was Jacob Klapwijk. Dr. Klapwijk ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Truth: Encyclopedia Ii - Truth - Other Uses Of Truth
In addition to its use in reference to propositions, there are other uses of "truth" and "true" in the English language: most often appl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmology - Physical Cosmology
Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins of the Universe and the na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmology - Physical Cosmology
Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins of the Universe and the na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmology - Physical Cosmology
Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins of the Universe and the na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy - History Of Philosophy
Main articles: History of philosophy, History of Western philosophy, and Eastern philosophy Traditionally, the history of western philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Religion - Questions Asked In Philosophy Of Religion
One might think that philosophy of religion would be an inquiry into the foundations of religions (as Philosophy X is typically an inquir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moral Objectivism: Encyclopedia Ii - Moral Objectivism - Criticism Of Moral Objectivism
A primary criticism of moral objectivism regards how we come to know what the 'objective' morals actually are. The authorities that are q...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - Scholastic School
Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching. The first is the lectio. A teacher would read a text, expounding on certain words or idea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism
The Canadian essayist John Ralston Saul has argued in his books that much of what passes for post-modernist discourse in universities tod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of History: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of History - Motive Engine Of History
The central contention of historical materialism is that history exhibits progress, not of a linear sort but cumulative nonetheless, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karel Čapek: Encyclopedia Ii - Karel Čapek - Etymology Of Robot
Etymological note: Robota is a Czech cognate of the German word Arbeit ("work"), from the Indo-European root *orbh-. It is usually transl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moral Objectivism: Encyclopedia Ii - Moral Objectivism - Moral Objectivism And Free Will
Semi-religious arguments for moral objectivism have to do with the relationship between free will, choice, and morals. Some have argued t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Religion - Rationality Of Belief
Philosophy of religion - Positions. The second question, "Do we have any good reason to think that God does (or does not) exists?", is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy - Philosophy Compared To Science And Religion
In antiquity there was no distinction between philosophy and science. Early scientists, regardless of their field of study, called themse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy - History Of Philosophy
The bifurcation into Eastern philosophy and Western philosophy is most apparent in the discussion of the history of philosophical discour...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Science: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Science - Pre-experimental Science
In the West, from antiquity up to the time of the Scientific Revolution, inquiry into the workings of the universe was known as natural p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Science: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Science - The Scientific Revolution
Modern science in Europe began in a period of great upheaval. The Protestant Reformation, the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethics - The Analytic View
The descriptive view of ethics is modern and in many ways more empirical. But because the above are dealt with more deeply in their own a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Concept: Encyclopedia Ii - Concept - Ayn Rand
The Ayn Rand Institute has disseminated the following information on Ayn Rand's understanding of human concept formation. "According to O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friendship: Encyclopedia Ii - Friendship - A Tradition In Decline
In recent times, some thinkers have postulated that modern friendships have lost the force and importance that they had in antiquity. C. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Misogyny: Encyclopedia Ii - Misogyny - Misogyny In Philosophy And Religion
Many religions and philosophies contain what could be called misogyny. Paul insisted that women should not talk in church ("women should ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy - Branches Of Philosophy
Philosophers analyse and investigate such concepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty. Philosopher...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Problem Of Universals: Encyclopedia Ii - Problem Of Universals - Modern Times
George Berkeley, best known for his immaterialism, was also an advocate of an extreme nominalism. Indeed, he disbelieved even in the poss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leo Strauss: Encyclopedia Ii - Leo Strauss - Philosophy
Strauss called his field Political Philosophy. But for him political philosophy and philosophy were necessarily intertwined at their root...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epicurus: Encyclopedia Ii - Epicurus - Biography
Epicurus was born into an Athenian émigré family — his parents, Neocles and Chaerestrate, both Athenian citizens, were sent to an Ath...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epicurus: Encyclopedia Ii - Epicurus - The School
Epicurus' school had a small, but devoted following in his lifetime. The primary members were Hermarchus, the financier Idomeneus, Leonte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Subject, Relationship, Object
"What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Theory - Critical Theory Literary Criticism
The second meaning of critical theory is that of theory used in literary criticism – hence "critical theory" -- and in the analysis and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Truth: Encyclopedia Ii - Truth - Bearers Of Truth
Philosophers call any entity that can be true or false a "truth bearer." Propositions, sentences, statements, ideas, beliefs, and judgeme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - Scholastic Method
The scholastics would choose a book by a renowned scholar, called auctor, as a subject of investigation, for example the Bible. By readin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Space And Time: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Space And Time - Idealism And Anti-realism
The existence, or otherwise, of time and space is one aspect of the overall ontology that one adopts. So it should be noted that idealist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Space And Time: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Space And Time - The Flow Of Time
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTagga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Space And Time: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Space And Time - Endurantism And Perdurantism
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Some Basic Questions
Ontology has one basic question: "What are the fundamental categories of being?" Different philosophers make different lists of such fund...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Subject Relationship Object
"What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Body And Environment
Schools of subjectivism, objectivism and relativism existed at various times in the 20th century, and the postmodernists and body philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of History: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of History - History And Education
One common contention among philosophers is that current historical methods are regional, subjective and selective. A better method would...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leo Strauss: Encyclopedia Ii - Leo Strauss - Bibliography Of Published Texts
Leo Strauss - Writings about Maimonides and Jewish philosophy. "How to begin to study The Guide of the Perplexed", in "The Guide of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilles Deleuze: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilles Deleuze - Life And Work
Deleuze was born in Paris and lived there for most his life. His initial schooling was undertaken during World War II, during which time ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Space And Time: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Space And Time - Idealism And Anti-realism
The existence, or otherwise, of time and space is one aspect of the overall ontology that one adopts. So it should be noted that idealist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Space And Time: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Space And Time - The Flow Of Time
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTagga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Space And Time: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Space And Time - Endurantism And Perdurantism
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Biography
Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy. Aristotle was born at Stageira, a colony of Andros on the Macedonian peninsula of Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Biography
Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy. Aristotle was born at Stageira, a colony of Andros on the Macedonian peninsula of Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Biography
Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy. Aristotle was born at Stageira, a colony of Andros on the Macedonian peninsula of Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Ethics
Although Aristotle wrote several works on ethics, the major one was the Nicomachean Ethics, which is considered one of Aristotle's greate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Critics
Aristotle has been criticised on several grounds. His analysis of procreation is frequently criticised on the grounds that it presuppose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Ethics
Although Aristotle wrote several works on ethics, the major one was the Nicomachean Ethics, which is considered one of Aristotle's greate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Bibliography
Note: Bekker numbers are often used to uniquely identify passages of Aristotle. They are identified below where available. Aristotle - M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Ethics
Although Aristotle wrote several works on ethics, the major one was the Nicomachean Ethics, which is considered one of Aristotle's greate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Methodology
Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Metaphysics
Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes. Aristotle names four "causes" of things, but the word cause (Greek: αἰτἱα, aitia) is not us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Critics
Aristotle has been criticised on several grounds. His analysis of procreation is frequently criticised on the grounds that it presuppose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Critics
Aristotle has been criticised on several grounds. His analysis of procreation is frequently criticised on the grounds that it presuppose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Bibliography
Note: Bekker numbers are often used to uniquely identify passages of Aristotle. They are identified below where available. Aristotle - M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Metaphysics
Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes. Aristotle names four "causes" of things, but the word cause (Greek: αἰτἱα, aitia) is not us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Bibliography
Note: Bekker numbers are often used to uniquely identify passages of Aristotle. They are identified below where available. Aristotle - M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Metaphysics
Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes. Aristotle names four "causes" of things, but the word cause (Greek: αἰτἱα, aitia) is not us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Methodology
Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Methodology
Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - The Loss Of His Works
Though we know that Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), the originals have...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Iii - A
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages III - A . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. ...   » Read the article