Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says that 'on the subject of reasoning' he 'had nothing else on an earlier date to speak about'" (Bocheński, 1951). However, Plato reports that syntax was thought of before him, by Prodikos of Keos, who was concerned by the right use of words. Logic seems to have emerged from dialectics; the earlier philosophers used concepts like ...

See also:

Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - The Loss of his works, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named for Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology

See also:

Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology

Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says that 'on the subject of reasoning' he 'had nothing else on an earlier date to speak about'" (Bocheński, 1951). However, Plato reports that syntax was thought of before him, by Prodikos of Keos, who was concerned by the right use of words. Logic seems to have emerged from dialectics; the earlier philosophers used concepts like ...

See also:

Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - The Loss of his works, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named for Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology

Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers in Western thought. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato an ...

Including:

• Aristotle - Biography
• Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy
• Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor
• Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum
• Aristotle - Methodology
• Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology
• Aristotle - Logic
• Aristotle - Science
• Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics
• Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes
• Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts
• Aristotle - Modes of causation
• Aristotle - Chance
• Aristotle - The Five Elements
• Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics
• Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics
• Aristotle - Aristotle's critics
• Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake
• Aristotle - Bibliography
• Aristotle - Major works
• Aristotle - Specific editions
• Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia - Aristotle

Aristotle's theory of universals is one of the classic solutions to the problem of universals. Aristotle thought—to put it in a not-very-enlightening way—that universals are simply types, properties, or relations that are common to their various instances. In Aristotle's view, universals exist only where they are instantiated; they exist only in things (he said they exist in re, which means simply "in things"), never apart from things. Beyond this Aristotle said that a universal is something identical in each of its inst ...

Read more here: » Aristotle's theory of universals: Encyclopedia - Aristotle's theory of universals

Virtue epistemology refers to any number of modern epistemological approaches which approach contemporary problems by means of the intellectual virtues, either conceived of as faculties or exemplary traits. For example, commonly accepted epistemic virtues include creativity, intellectual humility, and objectivity. Intellectual virtue has been a subject of philosophy since the works of Plato and Aristotle, but lately philosophers in the analytic tradition have sought to solve problems of especial concern to modern epistemology, such as justification and reliabilism, by throwing attention on ...

Including:

• Virtue epistemology - Partial Bibliogaphy for Virtue Epistemology
• Virtue epistemology - Notable proponents of Virtue Epistemology

Read more here: » Virtue epistemology: Encyclopedia - Virtue epistemology

Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like metaphysics and epistemology) but is general knowledge. Also, as it is not a theoretical discipline, he thought a person had to study in order to become "good." Thus, if a person was to become virtuous, they could not simply study what virtue is, they had to actually do virtuous activity. We are not studying in order to know what virtue is, but to become good, for otherwise there would be no profit in it. (NE 2.2) Including:

• Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises
• Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics
• Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems
• Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers
• Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia - Aristotelian ethics

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn) (ca. May 21? 427 BC – ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. Plato lectured extensively at the Academy, and wrote on many philosophical issues. The most important writings of Plato are his dialogues, although a handful of epigrams also survive, and some letters have come down to us under his name. It is believed that all of Plato's authen ...

Including:

• Plato - Biography
• Plato - Work
• Plato - Themes
• Plato - Form and basis
• Plato - Metaphysics
• Plato - Epistemology
• Plato - The state
• Plato - Platonic scholarship
• Plato - Bibliography
• Plato - By tetralogy
• Plato - Stephanus pagination
• Plato - Loeb Classical Library

Read more here: » Plato: Encyclopedia - Plato

In philosophy, the phrase virtue ethics refers to ethical systems that focus primarily on what sort of person one should try to be. Thus, one of the aims of virtue ethics is to offer an account of the sort of characteristics a virtuous person has. The ultimate aim of virtue ethics is eudaimonia, roughly meaning 'flourishing' or 'success.' According to virtue ethicists this is the aim to which all humans endeavour - to lead a good, happy and fulfilling life. Virtue ethics - Achieving eudaimonia. < ...

Including:

• Virtue ethics - Achieving eudaimonia
• Virtue ethics - Criticisms of virtue ethics
• Virtue ethics - Virtue ethics contrasted with deontology and consequentialism
• Virtue ethics - Historical origins
• Virtue ethics - Aristotle's theory of the virtues
• Virtue ethics - Virtues ethics outside the Western tradition
• Virtue ethics - Contemporary virtue ethics

Read more here: » Virtue ethics: Encyclopedia - Virtue ethics

A being, in the most general sense, is anything that is alive. Being with a capital 'B', on the other hand, is often used in philosophy to refer to divine Being, God, or ultimate reality. In philosophy, a being is anything that can be said to be. Ontology is the philosophical study of being. See also categories of being and "I think, therefore I am". In linguistics, "to be" is a copula. Being - Being in historical philosophy. Being - Being and substance in Aristotl ...

Including:

• Being - Being in historical philosophy
• Being - Being and substance in Aristotle
• Being - Being in continental philosophy and existentialism
• Being - Being in popular culture

Read more here: » Being: Encyclopedia - Being

In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: being (part. of εἶναι: to be) and -λογία: writing about, study of) is the most fundamental branch of metaphysics. It studi ...

Including:

• Ontology - Some basic questions
• Ontology - Concepts
• Ontology - Early history of ontology
• Ontology - Subject relationship object
• Ontology - Body and environment
• Ontology - Being
• Ontology - Social Science
• Ontology - Prominent ontologists

Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia - Ontology

Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). Metaphysics as a discipline was a central part of academic inquiry and scholarly education since before the age in which Aristotle coined the word. Long considered "the Queen of Sciences", its issues were considered no less important than the other main formal subjects of physical science, medicine, mathematics, poetics and music. Since the Age of Reaso ...

Including:

• Metaphysics - The origin of the word 'metaphysics'
• Metaphysics - Examples
• Metaphysics - Criticism
• Metaphysics - Metaphysical subdisciplines
• Metaphysics - Metaphysical topics and problems
• Metaphysics - Metaphysical jargon
• Metaphysics - People

Read more here: » Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Metaphysics

Philosophy of religion is the rational study of the meaning and justification of fundamental religious claims, particularly about the nature and existence of God (or gods, or the divine). Philosophy of religion - Philosophy of religion as a part of metaphysics. Philosophy of religion was classically regarded as a part of metaphysics, after Aristotle, among whose writings was a piece that later editors identified as The Metaphysics. Aristotle there described first causes as one of the subjects ...

Including:

• Philosophy of religion - Philosophy of religion as a part of metaphysics
• Philosophy of religion - Questions asked in philosophy of religion
• Philosophy of religion - What is God?
• Philosophy of religion - Monotheistic definitions
• Philosophy of religion - Polytheistic definitions
• Philosophy of religion - Pantheistic definitions
• Philosophy of religion - Rationality of belief
• Philosophy of religion - Positions
• Philosophy of religion - Natural theology
• Philosophy of religion - Major philosophers of religion

Read more here: » Philosophy of religion: Encyclopedia - Philosophy of religion

Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the Scholastic philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher". However, in the Byzantine Empire, the study of Plato continued. The Medieval scholastic philosophers did not have access to the works of Plato—nor the knowledge of Greek needed to read them. Plato's original writings were essentially lost to Western civilization until they were brought from C ...

See also:

Plato, Plato - Biography, Plato - Work, Plato - Themes, Plato - Form and basis, Plato - Metaphysics, Plato - Epistemology, Plato - The state, Plato - Platonic scholarship, Plato - Bibliography, Plato - By tetralogy, Plato - Stephanus pagination, Plato - Loeb Classical Library

Read more here: » Plato: Encyclopedia II - Plato - Platonic scholarship

Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the Scholastic philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher". However, in the Byzantine Empire, the study of Plato continued. The Medieval scholastic philosophers did not have access to the works of Plato—nor the knowledge of Greek needed to read them. Plato's original writings were essentially lost to Western civilization until they were brought from C ...

See also:

Plato, Plato - Biography, Plato - Work, Plato - Themes, Plato - Form and basis, Plato - Metaphysics, Plato - Epistemology, Plato - The state, Plato - Platonic scholarship, Plato - Bibliography, Plato - By tetralogy, Plato - Stephanus pagination, Plato - Chronology, Plato - Middle Dialogues, Plato - Loeb Classical Library

Read more here: » Plato: Encyclopedia II - Plato - Platonic scholarship

A priori -- A posteriori -- abduction -- absolute -- Aesthetics -- Age of Enlightenment -- Agnosticism -- Altruism -- Ambiguity -- American Philosophical Association -- analytic philosophy -- analogy -- Aristotle -- atheism -- awareness -- axiom -- being -- belief -- Buddhist philosophy -- causality -- Cogito, ergo sum -- consciousness -- cosmogony -- cosmology -- continental philosophy -- creation -- deconstruction -- deduction -- determinism -- dialectics -- dualism -- Eastern philosophy -- emergent philosophies -- epistemic justification -- epistemology -- ethical re ...

See also:

List of basic philosophical topics, List of basic philosophical topics - General philosophical topics, List of basic philosophical topics - Branches of philosophy, List of basic philosophical topics - Subdisciplines of philosophy, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements of the ancient world, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements of the modern world, List of basic philosophical topics - Influential philosophers, List of basic philosophical topics - Basic philosophical concepts, List of basic philosophical topics - The Isms doctrines schools and principles of philosophy, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical topics by region, List of basic philosophical topics - Potential emergent philosophies, List of basic philosophical topics - General philosophy lists, List of basic philosophical topics - General philosophy topics, List of basic philosophical topics - General online philosophy resources

Read more here: » List of basic philosophical topics: Encyclopedia II - List of basic philosophical topics - Basic philosophical concepts

Three treatises of Aristotle's ethics survive today: Nicomachean Ethics, the most popular Eudemian Ethics Magna Moralia Each is believed to be a collection of Aristotle's lecture notes (although authorship of the Magna Moralia is disputed), possibly containing several different lecture courses, which can be sparse and difficult to read. The scholarly consensus is that Eudemian Ethics represents Aristotle's early ethical theory, and the Nicomachean Ethics appears to buil ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises

Aristotle's ethics builds upon earlier Greek ethics, particularly that of Aristotle's teacher Plato and his teacher, Socrates. One important distinction is that Socrates didn't leave any written work, Plato left works aimed more toward popular consumption, and Aristotle left more scholarly works. More frequently than Plato, Aristotle notes exceptions to his general rules and the lack of precision in his ethics. ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems

Aristotle was taught in Athens until 529 AD when the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I closed down non-Christian schools of philosophy. Aristotle's teachings spread through the Mediterranean and the Middle East, where early Islam (unlike contemporary Christianity) supported rational philosophical descriptions of the natural world. Avicenna and Averroes were Islamic philosophers who commented on Aristotle as well as writing their own philosophy in Arabic. In the twelfth century, Latin translations of Aristotle's works were found, enabling ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers

The most widely published non-religious text in the early middle ages was Boëthius's Consolation of Philosophy. Through it and his translations of Aristotle, Boëthius was able to preserve the memory and philosophy of Aristotle for Christendom. Most authorities agree, though, that Islamic scholars preserved the tradition of Aristotelian scholarship in much more depth than that of Christendom. By the thirteenth century the ongoing "reconquest" of Spain had the unintended consequence of bringing back into the consciousness of the Latin literate world the riches of ancien ...

See also:

Problem of universals, Problem of universals - Ancient times, Problem of universals - Medieval times, Problem of universals - Modern times, Problem of universals - Three contemporary realists

Read more here: » Problem of universals: Encyclopedia II - Problem of universals - Medieval times