Aristotle has been criticised on several grounds. His analysis of procreation is frequently criticised on the grounds that it presupposes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive, lumpen female element; it is on these grounds that some feminist critics refer to Aristotle as a misogynist. At times, the objections that Aristotle raises against the arguments of his own teacher, Plato, appear to rely on faulty interpretations of those arguments. Although Aristotle advised, against P ...

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Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - The Loss of his works, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named for Aristotle

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See also:

Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Aristotle's critics

Aristotle has been criticised on several grounds. His analysis of procreation is frequently criticised on the grounds that it presupposes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive, lumpen female element; it is on these grounds that some feminist critics refer to Aristotle as a misogynist. At times, the objections that Aristotle raises against the arguments of his own teacher, Plato, appear to rely on faulty interpretations of those arguments. Although Aristotle advised, against P ...

See also:

Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - The Loss of his works, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named for Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Aristotle's critics

Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers in Western thought. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato an ...

Including:

• Aristotle - Biography
• Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy
• Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor
• Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum
• Aristotle - Methodology
• Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology
• Aristotle - Logic
• Aristotle - Science
• Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics
• Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes
• Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts
• Aristotle - Modes of causation
• Aristotle - Chance
• Aristotle - The Five Elements
• Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics
• Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics
• Aristotle - Aristotle's critics
• Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake
• Aristotle - Bibliography
• Aristotle - Major works
• Aristotle - Specific editions
• Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia - Aristotle

In philosophy, the phrase virtue ethics refers to ethical systems that focus primarily on what sort of person one should try to be. Thus, one of the aims of virtue ethics is to offer an account of the sort of characteristics a virtuous person has. The ultimate aim of virtue ethics is eudaimonia, roughly meaning 'flourishing' or 'success.' According to virtue ethicists this is the aim to which all humans endeavour - to lead a good, happy and fulfilling life. Virtue ethics - Achieving eudaimonia. < ...

Including:

• Virtue ethics - Achieving eudaimonia
• Virtue ethics - Criticisms of virtue ethics
• Virtue ethics - Virtue ethics contrasted with deontology and consequentialism
• Virtue ethics - Historical origins
• Virtue ethics - Aristotle's theory of the virtues
• Virtue ethics - Virtues ethics outside the Western tradition
• Virtue ethics - Contemporary virtue ethics

Read more here: » Virtue ethics: Encyclopedia - Virtue ethics

Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like metaphysics and epistemology) but is general knowledge. Also, as it is not a theoretical discipline, he thought a person had to study in order to become "good." Thus, if a person was to become virtuous, they could not simply study what virtue is, they had to actually do virtuous activity. We are not studying in order to know what virtue is, but to become good, for otherwise there would be no profit in it. (NE 2.2) Including:

• Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises
• Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics
• Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems
• Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers
• Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

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Broadly defined, Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. It is one of the three original liberal arts or trivium (the other members are rhetoric and grammar) in Western culture. In ancient and medieval times, both rhetoric and dialectic were understood to aim at being persuasive (through dialogue). The ai ...

Including:

• Dialectic - In philosophy
• Dialectic - Socratic dialectic
• Dialectic - Hegelian dialectic
• Dialectic - Marxist dialectics
• Dialectic - Critiques of dialectic
• Dialectic - Dialectical biology
• Dialectic - Footnotes
• Dialectic - Sources

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ˈ Art (or the creative arts) commonly refers to the act and process of making material works (or artworks) which, from concept to creation, hold a fidelity to the creative impulse —ie. 'art' is work distinct from creative work that is driven by necessity (ie. vocation), by biological drive (i.e. procreation), or (in art-purist contexts) by any undisciplined pursuit of recreation. The creative arts essentially denotes a collection of disciplines whose principal purpose (or sole purposeIncluding:

• Art - Etymology
• Art - Art forms
• Art - Defining art
• Art - Characteristics of art
• Art - Skill
• Art - Judgments of value
• Art - Communicating emotion
• Art - Creative impulse
• Art - Differences in defining art
• Art - Plato
• Art - Aristotle
• Art - Institutional definition
• Art - Related issues
• Art - Social criticism
• Art - Utility
• Art - History of art
• Art - Symbols

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Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). Metaphysics as a discipline was a central part of academic inquiry and scholarly education since before the age in which Aristotle coined the word. Long considered "the Queen of Sciences", its issues were considered no less important than the other main formal subjects of physical science, medicine, mathematics, poetics and music. Since the Age of Reaso ...

Including:

• Metaphysics - The origin of the word 'metaphysics'
• Metaphysics - Examples
• Metaphysics - Criticism
• Metaphysics - Metaphysical subdisciplines
• Metaphysics - Metaphysical topics and problems
• Metaphysics - Metaphysical jargon
• Metaphysics - People

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Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. Though the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists. Modern literary criticism is often published in essay or book form. Academic literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in academic journals, and more popular critics publish thei ...

Including:

• Literary criticism - History of literary criticism
• Literary criticism - Classical and medieval criticism
• Literary criticism - Renaissance criticism
• Literary criticism - 19th-century criticism
• Literary criticism - The New Criticism
• Literary criticism - Theory
• Literary criticism - The current state of literary criticism
• Literary criticism - Bibliography
• Literary criticism - External link

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A being, in the most general sense, is anything that is alive. Being with a capital 'B', on the other hand, is often used in philosophy to refer to divine Being, God, or ultimate reality. In philosophy, a being is anything that can be said to be. Ontology is the philosophical study of being. See also categories of being and "I think, therefore I am". In linguistics, "to be" is a copula. Being - Being in historical philosophy. Being - Being and substance in Aristotl ...

Including:

• Being - Being in historical philosophy
• Being - Being and substance in Aristotle
• Being - Being in continental philosophy and existentialism
• Being - Being in popular culture

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Zeno of Elea should not be confused with Zeno of Citium. Zeno of Elea (IPA:zɛnoʊ, ɛlɛɑː)(circa 490 BC? – circa 430 BC?) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Called by Aristotle the inventor of the dialectic, he is best known for his paradoxes. In this capricious world nothing is more capricious than posthumous fame. One of the most notable victims of posterity's lack of judgement is the Eleatic Zeno. Having invented four a ...

Including:

• Zeno of Elea - Life
• Zeno of Elea - Works
• Zeno of Elea - Zeno's paradoxes
• Zeno of Elea - Note

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Ammonius Saccas (3rd century AD) was a Greek philosopher of Alexandria, often called the founder of the Neoplatonic school. Of humble origin, he appears to have earned a livelihood as a porter; hence his nickname of "Sack-bearer" (Sakkas, for sakkoforos). The details of his life are unknown. After long study and meditation, Ammonius opened a school of philosophy in Alexandria. His principal pupils were Herennius, the two Origens, Cassius Longinus and Plotinus. As he designedly wrote nothing, and, with the aid of h ...

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Christian August Brandis (1790 - July 21, 1867), German philologist and historian of philosophy, was born at Hildesheim and educated at Kiel University. In 1812 he graduated at Copenhagen, with a thesis Commentationes Eleaticae (a collection of fragments from Xenophanes, Parmenides and Melissus). For a time he studied at Göttingen, and in 1815 presented as his inaugural dissertation at Berlin h ...

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Three treatises of Aristotle's ethics survive today: Nicomachean Ethics, the most popular Eudemian Ethics Magna Moralia Each is believed to be a collection of Aristotle's lecture notes (although authorship of the Magna Moralia is disputed), possibly containing several different lecture courses, which can be sparse and difficult to read. The scholarly consensus is that Eudemian Ethics represents Aristotle's early ethical theory, and the Nicomachean Ethics appears to buil ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises

Aristotle, more than Socrates or Plato, defends the existing mores of his time. Although he argues for many values which many of today's philosophers agree with, the things he values include slavery, sexism and rule by a small leisure class, all of which seem unethical according to today's standards. In fact, all of Aristotle's ethical teachings upheld contemporary society and values. This in itself has been criticised because it offers no reasons for rebellion or adherence to society's values. Bertrand Russell even said that ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Aristotle's ethics builds upon earlier Greek ethics, particularly that of Aristotle's teacher Plato and his teacher, Socrates. One important distinction is that Socrates didn't leave any written work, Plato left works aimed more toward popular consumption, and Aristotle left more scholarly works. More frequently than Plato, Aristotle notes exceptions to his general rules and the lack of precision in his ethics. ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems

Aristotle was taught in Athens until 529 AD when the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I closed down non-Christian schools of philosophy. Aristotle's teachings spread through the Mediterranean and the Middle East, where early Islam (unlike contemporary Christianity) supported rational philosophical descriptions of the natural world. Avicenna and Averroes were Islamic philosophers who commented on Aristotle as well as writing their own philosophy in Arabic. In the twelfth century, Latin translations of Aristotle's works were found, enabling ...

See also:

Aristotelian ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises, Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems, Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers, Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers

A primary criticism of moral objectivism regards how we come to know what the 'objective' morals actually are. The authorities that are quoted as sources of objective morality are all subject to human interpretation, and multiple views abound on them. For morals to be truly objective, they would have to have a universally unquestioned source, interpretation and authority. Therefore, so critics say, there is no conceivable source of such morals, and none can be called 'objective'. So even if there are objective morals, there will never be universal agreement ...

See also:

Moral objectivism, Moral objectivism - Sources of objective morality, Moral objectivism - The Divine alone, Moral objectivism - Reason alone, Moral objectivism - The divine and reason, Moral objectivism - The origin of immorality, Moral objectivism - Aristotle, Moral objectivism - St. Paul, Moral objectivism - St. Thomas Aquinas, Moral objectivism - Attaining objective morality, Moral objectivism - Moral objectivism and free will, Moral objectivism - Criticism of moral objectivism

Read more here: » Moral objectivism: Encyclopedia II - Moral objectivism - Criticism of moral objectivism

Definitions of art and aesthetic arguments usually proceed from one of several possible perspectives. Art may be defined by the intention of the artist as in the writings of Dewey. Art may be seen as being in the response/emotion of the viewer as Tolstoy claims. In Danto's view, it can be defined as a character of the item itself or as a function of an object's context. Art - Plato. For Plato, art is a pursuit whose adherents are not to be trusted; given that their productions imitate the sensory world (it ...

See also:

Art, Art - Etymology, Art - Currently recognized forms of art, Art - Defining art, Art - General characteristics of art, Art - Skill, Art - Judgments of value, Art - Communicating emotion, Art - Creative impulse, Art - Differences in Defining Art, Art - Plato, Art - Aristotle, Art - Institutional definition, Art - Related Issues, Art - Social criticism, Art - The Issue of Utility, Art - History of Art, Art - Symbols

Read more here: » Art: Encyclopedia II - Art - Differences in Defining Art