Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs. His first wife was Himiltrude, married in 766. The marriage was never formally annulled. By her he had: Pippin the Hunchback (767-813) His second wife was Ermengarda (often erroneously called Desiderata or Desideria), daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards, married in 768, annulled in 771. His third wife was Hildegard of Savoy (757 or 758]]-783 or 784), married 771, died 784. By her he had: Charles ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Family

Charlemagne's personal appearance is not known from any contemporary portrait, but it is known rather famously from a good description of Einhard, who wrote his biography Vita Caroli Magni. He is well known to have been tall, stately, and fair-haired, with disproportionately thick neck. As Einhard tells it in his 22nd chapter: Charles was large and strong, and of lofty stature, though not disproportionately tall (his height is well known to have been seven times the length of his foot); the upper part of his head was r ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne, being a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies, enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. One of the great medieval literary cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centers around the deeds of Charlemagne and his historical commander of the Breton border, Roland, and the paladins who are analogous to the knights of the Round Table or King Arthur's court. Their ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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When the fall of the Berlin Wall occured, faced with the rapid erosion of his Party, Robert Hue started a series of political transformations: openness to other political movements, discarding of several doctrines, a double-headed Party executive (with Hue as President and Marie-George Buffet as National Secretary), etc. He made his approach public through his book, Communisme : la mutation. Robert Hue's low percentage in 1995 is explained by the competition from the Revolutionary Communist League and Workers' Struggle, bu ...

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Robert Hue, Robert Hue - Early activities, Robert Hue - Hue and Party reform, Robert Hue - Works

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Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs. His first wife was Himiltrude, married in 766. The marriage was never formally annulled. By her he had: Pippin the Hunchback (767-813) His second wife was Gerperga (often erroneously called Desiderata or Desideria), daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards, married in 768, annulled in 771. His third wife was Hildegard of Savoy (757 or 758-783 or 784), married 771, died 784. By her he had: Charles the ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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The six stations of Line A opened between 1969 and 1977, and built under the heart of Paris, are: La Défense (situated beneath the current site of the Grande Arche de la Défense, just outside the Paris perimeter) Charles de Gaulle - Étoile (entirely underground construction at the site of the Arc de Triomphe) Auber (entirely underground and once the largest underground station in the world, situated near Gare Saint-Lazare) Châtelet - Les Halles (built on the site of the former marketplace and today ...

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RER, RER - History, RER - Origins, RER - Pioneering, RER - Completion, RER - Enduring investment, RER - Map, RER - Trains, RER - Lines, RER - Stations, RER - Future developments, RER - International comparison

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Charlemagne's personal appearance is not known from any contemporary portrait, but it is known rather famously from a good description of Einhard, who wrote his biography Vita Caroli Magni. He is well known to have been tall, stately, and fair-haired, with disproportionately thick neck. As Einhard tells it in his 22nd chapter: Charles was large and strong, and of lofty stature, though not disproportionately tall (his height is well known to have been seven times the length of his foot); the upper part of his head was r ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs. His first wife was Himiltrude, married in 766. The marriage was never formally annulled. By her he had: Pippin the Hunchback (767-813) His second wife was Ermengarda (often erroneously called Desiderata or Desideria), daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards, married in 768, annulled in 771. By her he had: His third wife was Hildegard of Savoy (757 or 758-783 or 784), married 771, died 784. By her he had:

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne's reign is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art, and architecture. Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon; Theodulf, a Visigoth; Paul the ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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Abélard's own works remain the best sources for his life, especially his Historia Calamitatum, an autobiography, and the correspondence with Heloise. The literature on Abelard is extensive, but consists principally of monographs on different aspects of his philosophy. Charles de Remusat's Abelard (2 vols., 1845) remains an authority; it must be distinguished from his drama Abelard (1877), which is an attempt to give a picture of medieval life. McCabe's Life of Abelard is written closely from the sources. See also ...

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Peter Abélard, Peter Abélard - Life, Peter Abélard - Youth, Peter Abélard - Rise to fame, Peter Abélard - His love Héloïse, Peter Abélard - Later life, Peter Abélard - Reception, Peter Abélard - Philosophical work, Peter Abélard - Bibliography, Peter Abélard - Works, Peter Abélard - Popular culture

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2005 civil unrest in France - Political. Right wing Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy after the fourth night of riots declared a zero tolerance policy towards urban violence and announced that seventeen companies of riot police (C.R.S.) and seven mobile police squadrons (escadrons de gendarmerie mobile) would be stationed in contentious Paris neighborhoods. Sarkozy has said that he believes that some of the violence may be at the instigation of organized gangs. "... All of this doesn't appear to us to be c ...

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2005 civil unrest in France, 2005 civil unrest in France - Timeline, 2005 civil unrest in France - The event that triggered the riots, 2005 civil unrest in France - Context, 2005 civil unrest in France - Assessment of rioting, 2005 civil unrest in France - Summary statistics, 2005 civil unrest in France - Figures and tables, 2005 civil unrest in France - List of areas affected, 2005 civil unrest in France - Related events in other countries, 2005 civil unrest in France - Response, 2005 civil unrest in France - Political, 2005 civil unrest in France - Police, 2005 civil unrest in France - Media Coverage, 2005 civil unrest in France - Aftermath, 2005 civil unrest in France - Notes

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The main hypotheses for future extensions to the RER focus on the Line E, which currently ends at Haussmann - St-Lazare. Various Line E extensions have been proposed: Eastwards from Chelles-Gournay to Esbly and Meaux Eastwards from Tournon to Coulommiers Westwards from Haussmann - St Lazare to Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche and Versailles Rive-Droite, via a new station at Champs-Elysées - Clémenceau and Gare Montparnasse. A new Line E station has also been proposed at Rue de l'Évangile on the existing approach to Gare de l' ...

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RER, RER - History, RER - Origins, RER - Pioneering, RER - Completion, RER - Enduring investment, RER - Map, RER - Trains, RER - Lines, RER - Stations, RER - Future developments, RER - International comparison

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On Thursday 27 October 2005, a group of ten high school teenagers were playing football in the Paris suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois. The teenagers allegedly ran and hid when police officers arrived to conduct ID checks. Three of the teenagers, thinking they were being chased by the police, climbed a wall to hide in a power substation [18] [19]. "Bouna Traore, a 15-year-old of Malian background, and Zyed Benna, a 17-year-old of Tunisian origin" [20] (photo) were electrocuted by a transformer in the electric substation. Muhttin Altun, 17 (w ...

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2005 civil unrest in France, 2005 civil unrest in France - Timeline, 2005 civil unrest in France - The event that triggered the riots, 2005 civil unrest in France - Context, 2005 civil unrest in France - Assessment of rioting, 2005 civil unrest in France - Summary statistics, 2005 civil unrest in France - Figures and tables, 2005 civil unrest in France - List of areas affected, 2005 civil unrest in France - Related events in other countries, 2005 civil unrest in France - Response, 2005 civil unrest in France - Political, 2005 civil unrest in France - Police, 2005 civil unrest in France - Media Coverage, 2005 civil unrest in France - Aftermath, 2005 civil unrest in France - Notes

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The overall predominance of suburban SNCF track on the RER network explains why RER trains drive on the left, like SNCF trains (except in Alsace-Moselle), and contrary to the Métro where trains drive on the right. RER trains run by the two different operators share the same track infrastructure, a practice called interconnection. On the RER, interconnection required the development of specific trains (MI79 series for Materiel d'Interconnexion 1979, and MI2N series for Materiel d'Interconnexion à 2 niveaux (two-level interconn ...

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RER, RER - History, RER - Origins, RER - Pioneering, RER - Completion, RER - Enduring investment, RER - Map, RER - Trains, RER - Lines, RER - Stations, RER - Future developments, RER - International comparison

Read more here: » RER: Encyclopedia II - RER - Trains

On 5 November the New York Times reported the riots had not taken strong ideological or religious overtones, and "while a majority of the youths committing the acts are Muslim, and of African or North African origin" local residents say that "second-generation Portuguese immigrants and even some children of native French have taken part." [30] The BBC reported that French society's negative perceptions of Islam and of immigrants have alienated some French Muslims and may have been a factor in the causes of the riots; "Islam is seen as ...

See also:

2005 civil unrest in France, 2005 civil unrest in France - Timeline, 2005 civil unrest in France - The event that triggered the riots, 2005 civil unrest in France - Context, 2005 civil unrest in France - Assessment of rioting, 2005 civil unrest in France - Summary statistics, 2005 civil unrest in France - Figures and tables, 2005 civil unrest in France - List of areas affected, 2005 civil unrest in France - Related events in other countries, 2005 civil unrest in France - Response, 2005 civil unrest in France - Political, 2005 civil unrest in France - Police, 2005 civil unrest in France - Media Coverage, 2005 civil unrest in France - Aftermath, 2005 civil unrest in France - Notes

Read more here: » 2005 civil unrest in France: Encyclopedia II - 2005 civil unrest in France - Context

The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Background