The Book of Mormon describes three heavily populated, semi-literate civilizations existing in the Americas from about 2,000 B.C. to 400 A.D. who interacted with other groups in the Americas. (For example, the People of Zarahemla had many wars with others prior to Nephite contact [1]). Though no population counts are given in the book at the height of the civilization portrayed, skeptics argue that ...

See also:

Archaeology and the Book of Mormon, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - State of archeological research, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Mormon studies, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Proposed Book of Mormon real world setting, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Lehi's Arabian journey setting, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - American civilizations, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Archaeological and Genetic problems for the Book of Mormon, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Descriptions with disputed archaeological evidence, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Genetic studies, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - LDS cultural belief, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - Smithsonian's use of Book of Mormon

Read more here: » Archaeology and the Book of Mormon: Encyclopedia II - Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - State of archeological research

Despite the fact that the ancient Jewish historian Josephus, as well as other sources, refer to the crucifixion of thousands of people by the Romans, there is only a single archeological discovery of a crucified body dating back to the Roman Empire around the time of Jesus. It is not surprising that there is only one such discovery, because a crucified body was usually left to decay on the cross and therefore would not be preserved. The only reason these archeological remains were preserved was beca ...

See also:

Crucifixion, Crucifixion - Details of crucifixion, Crucifixion - Cross shape, Crucifixion - Location of the nails, Crucifixion - Cause of death, Crucifixion - Archeological evidence for ancient crucifixion, Crucifixion - History of crucifixion, Crucifixion - Persia and Alexander, Crucifixion - Roman Empire, Crucifixion - Japan, Crucifixion - Mesoamerica, Crucifixion - Modern death on the cross, Crucifixion - Modern crucifixions without death, Crucifixion - Crucifixion as a devotional practice, Crucifixion - Parody, Crucifixion - Famous crucifixions, Crucifixion - Related topics

Read more here: » Crucifixion: Encyclopedia II - Crucifixion - Archeological evidence for ancient crucifixion

The first mummies were found at the beginning of the 20th century, through the expeditions of Europeans into Central Asia, in particular by the explorer Sir Aurel Stein. Since then many other mummies have been found and analysed, most of them being displayed in the museums of Xinjiang. Most of these Europoid mummies were found on the southern part of the Tarim Basin (Khotan, Niya, Cherchen) and in the eastern parts around th ...

See also:

Tarim mummies, Tarim mummies - Archeological record, Tarim mummies - Historical records, Tarim mummies - Bai people, Tarim mummies - Yuezhi, Tarim mummies - Roman accounts, Tarim mummies - Tocharians, Tarim mummies - Cultural exchanges

Read more here: » Tarim mummies: Encyclopedia II - Tarim mummies - Archeological record

Despite the fact that the ancient Jewish historian Josephus, as well as other sources, refer to the crucifixion of thousands of people by the Romans, there is only a single archeological discovery of a crucified body dating back to the Roman Empire around the time of Jesus. It is not surprising that there is only one such discovery, because a crucified body was usually left to decay on the cross and therefore would not be preserved. The only reason these archeological remains were preserved was beca ...

See also:

Crucifixion, Crucifixion - Details of crucifixion, Crucifixion - Cross shape, Crucifixion - Location of the nails, Crucifixion - Cause of death, Crucifixion - Archeological evidence for ancient crucifixion, Crucifixion - History of crucifixion, Crucifixion - Persia and Alexander, Crucifixion - Roman Empire, Crucifixion - Japan, Crucifixion - Modern death on the cross, Crucifixion - Modern crucifixions without death, Crucifixion - Crucifixion as a devotional practice, Crucifixion - Parody, Crucifixion - Famous crucifixions

Read more here: » Crucifixion: Encyclopedia II - Crucifixion - Archeological evidence for ancient crucifixion

Carbon-dating puts the oldest surviving archeological artifacts from Slovakia - found near Nové Mesto nad Váhom - at 270,000 BCE, in the Early Paleolithic era. These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, witness the ancient habitation of Slovakia. Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic Era (200,000 - 80,000 BCE) come from the Prévôt cave near Bojnice and from other nearby sites. Artifacts were discovered dating to the Paleolithic Stage, including the famous Cranium Mold of a Neanderthal (c. 200,00 ...

See also:

History of Slovakia, History of Slovakia - Archeology and prehistory, History of Slovakia - Early history of the pre-Slavic inhabitants, History of Slovakia - The first arrival of the Slavs, History of Slovakia - The Empire of Samo, History of Slovakia - The formation of Slav states, History of Slovakia - The Middle Ages, History of Slovakia - The Ottoman incursion, History of Slovakia - The Slovak national movement, History of Slovakia - The formation of Czechoslovakia, History of Slovakia - The breakup of Czechoslovakia 1938 - 1939, History of Slovakia - World War II, History of Slovakia - Czechoslovakia after World War II, History of Slovakia - Czechoslovakia – From creation to dissolution – Overview, History of Slovakia - Independent Slovakia

Read more here: » History of Slovakia: Encyclopedia II - History of Slovakia - Archeology and prehistory

Vlaha, Cluj county Romania; Necropolis discovered in august 2004 with 202 identified tombs, dated VI AD 85% of the discovered tombs were robbed in the same pediod.The remaining artefacts are ceramics, bronze articles, armory. Also in Romania at Miercurea Sibiului is another necropolis with rich artefacts. Other necropolis in Romania are: Moresti (Romania) Band, Transylvania Noslac (Romania) Brateiu (Romania) Seica Mica, Sibiu county Timisoara Freidorf site, NAR code 155252.03

The first evidence of settlement of the site come from finds of urns at two areas (Cava della Pozzolana and Sorbo) from the 8th and 9th centuries BC. Trade with the Greeks at Etrusco became increasingly common in the middle of the 8th century BC with standardised urns and pottery common in graves of the time. The town became Etruria's main trading centre during the 7th century BC, as well as increasing trade with other Greek colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily, and with the Corinthians. Locally manufactu ...

See also:

Caere, Caere - History of the ancient city, Caere - Archeological Site

Read more here: » Caere: Encyclopedia II - Caere - History of the ancient city

Pliny the Elder is the earliest writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34), who misunderstood the name of the place, and thought its name meant that it had been founded by escaped Egyptian slaves. It is mentioned by the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a guide of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, which describes it as an emporium for the ivory, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. It may have previously been known as Ber ...

See also:

Adulis, Adulis - History, Adulis - Archeological excavations, Adulis - Bibliography

Read more here: » Adulis: Encyclopedia II - Adulis - History

In the 1960's, archaeologists excavated part of the Garamantes' capital (modern Germa, about 150 km west of modern-day Sebha) named it Garama (An earlier capital, Zinchecra, was located not far from the later Garama.). Current research indicates that the Garamantes had about eight major towns, three of which have been examined as of 2004. In addition they had a large number of other settlements. Garama had population of some four thousand and another six th ...

See also:

Garamantes, Garamantes - Garamantian life, Garamantes - Archeological remains, Garamantes - History

Read more here: » Garamantes: Encyclopedia II - Garamantes - Garamantian life

Sources are mainly archeological remains. No texts survive from this area, though the written text Vita Ansgarii, "The life of Ansgar" by Rimbert (c. 865) describes the missionary work of Ansgar around 830 at Birca, and another written source by Adam of Bremen describes the archbishop Unni, who died at Birka in 936. St Ansgars work was the first attempt to convert the inhabitants from heathen living to Chris ...

See also:

Birka, Birka - Brief description, Birka - History, Birka - Archeological site, Birka - Contemporary centres of Baltic trade

Read more here: » Birka: Encyclopedia II - Birka - History

A 1992 study by the University of Nice reported significant areas contaminated by industrial pollution, and growing squatter settlements on the periphery. The region is predominantly one of agriculture. There is a large airfield with a tower and terminal, at Abdelhafid Boussouf. The town is not a tourist destination. ...

See also:

Tahert, Tahert - Population, Tahert - Infrastructure & industry, Tahert - Politics, Tahert - History, Tahert - Archeological attractions

Read more here: » Tahert: Encyclopedia II - Tahert - Infrastructure & industry

The exact significance and attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied somewhat between civilizations and through history. Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star and his twin brother, Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). As the morning star he was known under the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, which means literally "the lord of the star of the dawn". He was known as the inventor of books and the calendar, the giver of maize corn to mankind, and sometime as a symbol of death and resurrection. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron of the pries ...

See also:

Quetzalcoatl, Quetzalcoatl - Antecedents, Quetzalcoatl - Origins, Quetzalcoatl - The cult, Quetzalcoatl - Moctezuma Controversy, Quetzalcoatl - Atributes, Quetzalcoatl - In archeology, Quetzalcoatl - Modern media

Read more here: » Quetzalcoatl: Encyclopedia II - Quetzalcoatl - Atributes

The municipality (municipio) of Calakmul was created on 31 December 1996. It borders to the east with Quintana Roo and Belize, to the south with Guatemala, and to the north and west with other municipalities in the state. It covers 13,839 km², accounting for 24.34% of the state's total surface area. The municipal seat is the city of Xpujil, a small settlement of some 1000 inhabitants located on Federal Highway 186 as it crosses the base of the peninsula from Escárc ...

See also:

Calakmul, Calakmul - Municipality, Calakmul - Archeological site, Calakmul - Known rulers of Calakmul, Calakmul - External links

Read more here: » Calakmul: Encyclopedia II - Calakmul - Municipality

The province has been inhabited since ancient times, and there are numerous megalithic monuments. The site of the town was originally a Roman station, Tingurtia. The Jedars tombs near Tahert are evidence that the province was inhabited, from at least the 5th Century, by a tribe or tribes that could build in stone. Tahert grew up as a site under the domination of petty Berber tribal kingdoms; the first of these being the Rustamids between 761 and 909 when Tahert served as the capital of the area. However, this capital may ...

See also:

Tahert, Tahert - Population, Tahert - Infrastructure & industry, Tahert - Politics, Tahert - History, Tahert - Archeological attractions

Read more here: » Tahert: Encyclopedia II - Tahert - History

The name "Quetzalcoatl" literally means quetzal-bird snake or serpent with feathers (Amphitere) of the Quetzal (which implies something divine or precious) in the Nahuatl language. The meaning of his local name in other Mesoamerican languages is similar. The Maya knew him as Kukulkán; the Quiché as Gukumatz. The Feathered Serpent deity was important in art and religion in most of Mesoamerica for close to 2,000 years, from the Pre-Classic era until the Spanish conquest. Civilizations worshiping the Feathered Serpent included the Olmec, the Mixtec, the Toltec, the Aztec(who adopted it fr ...

See also:

Quetzalcoatl, Quetzalcoatl - Antecedents, Quetzalcoatl - Origins, Quetzalcoatl - The cult, Quetzalcoatl - Moctezuma Controversy, Quetzalcoatl - Atributes, Quetzalcoatl - In archeology, Quetzalcoatl - Modern media

Read more here: » Quetzalcoatl: Encyclopedia II - Quetzalcoatl - Antecedents

The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice. Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. The reason being that Quetzalcoatl called twelve to reign in his stead after he left the people of the Yucatan. He also called one man, who he gave his rights, privileges and powers to administer in his religious duti ...

See also:

Quetzalcoatl, Quetzalcoatl - Antecedents, Quetzalcoatl - Origins, Quetzalcoatl - The cult, Quetzalcoatl - Moctezuma Controversy, Quetzalcoatl - Atributes, Quetzalcoatl - In archeology, Quetzalcoatl - Modern media

Read more here: » Quetzalcoatl: Encyclopedia II - Quetzalcoatl - The cult

It is generally accepted that the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II initially believed the landing of Hernán Cortés in 1519 to be Quetzalcoatl's return. This has debated by historian Victor Frank. He points that the Quetzalcoatl-Cortés conncetion is asserted in no documents created independent of post-Conquest Spanish influence, and there is little proof of a pre-Hispanic belief in Quetzalcoatl's return. Most documents expounding this theory are of entirely Spanish origin, such as Cortés's letters to Charles V of Spain, in which Cortés goes to great pains to present the naïve gullibility of the Mexic ...

See also:

Quetzalcoatl, Quetzalcoatl - Antecedents, Quetzalcoatl - Origins, Quetzalcoatl - The cult, Quetzalcoatl - Moctezuma Controversy, Quetzalcoatl - Atributes, Quetzalcoatl - In archeology, Quetzalcoatl - Modern media

Read more here: » Quetzalcoatl: Encyclopedia II - Quetzalcoatl - Moctezuma Controversy

Hungarian Runes are not related to Germanic Runes, but derive from the Orkhon or Turkic Runic script. The runic script was the first mentioned in the 13th-century chronicle of Simon Kézai, where he stated that the Székely combined with the Vlachs (Romanians) and used their script. The earliest surviving copy of the actual alphabet is a 1483 incunabulum, found at the library of the castle of Mikulov in Moravia. They were usually written in clay boustrophedon style (alternating direction right to left and then left to right) or ...

See also:

Old Hungarian script, Old Hungarian script - Origins, Old Hungarian script - Archeological findings, Old Hungarian script - Today

Read more here: » Old Hungarian script: Encyclopedia II - Old Hungarian script - Origins

By 450 Roman control of Gaul, as with all of the provinces outside of Italy, had grown feeble. The Visigoths, who had been forcibly settled in Aquitaine a generation before, were growing increasingly restive. The Burgundians, forcibly settled near the Alps, were more submissive, but were likewise looking for openings for revolt. Northern Gaul had been all but abandoned to the Franks between the Rhine and Marne rivers in the east, and Armorica was only nominally part of the empire. The only parts still securely in Roman control were the Medit ...

See also:

Battle of Chalons, Battle of Chalons - Prelude, Battle of Chalons - Battle, Battle of Chalons - Forces, Battle of Chalons - Archeological evidence, Battle of Chalons - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Chalons: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Chalons - Prelude

The night before the main battle, one of the Frankish forces on the Roman side encountered a band of the Gepids loyal to Attila. Jordanes records that this skirmish left 15,000 dead on either side (Getica 41.217). Attila, following his people's customs, had his diviners examine the entrails of a sacrifice that morning, which foretold disaster would befall the Huns and that one of the leaders of his opponents would be killed. Hoping that in the fight Aetius would be slain, he at last gave the orders for combat, even at the risk ...

See also:

Battle of Chalons, Battle of Chalons - Prelude, Battle of Chalons - Battle, Battle of Chalons - Forces, Battle of Chalons - Archeological evidence, Battle of Chalons - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Chalons: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Chalons - Battle

Both armies consisted of combatants from many peoples. Jordanes lists Aetius' allies as including (besides the Visigoths) both the Salic and Riparian Franks, Sarmatians, Armoricans, Liticians, Burgundians, Saxons, Olibrones (whom he describes as "once Roman soldiers and now the flower of the allied forces"), and other Celtic or German tribes (Getica 36.191). Jordanes' list for Attila's allies includes the Gepids under their king Ardaric, as well as an Ostrogothic army led by the brothers Valamir, Theodemir (the father of the la ...

See also:

Battle of Chalons, Battle of Chalons - Prelude, Battle of Chalons - Battle, Battle of Chalons - Forces, Battle of Chalons - Archeological evidence, Battle of Chalons - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Chalons: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Chalons - Forces