Encyclopedia - Archaea: Encyclopedia - Archaea
Phylum Crenarchaeota Phylum Euryarchaeota     Halobacteria     Methanobacteria     Methanoco...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Archaea: Oceanography Dictionary - Archaea
  Definition and meaning of Archaea:   Archaea - a group of organisms that resemble bacteria. However, these organisms ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Archaea: Encyclopedia Ii - Archaea - Archaea Bacteria And Eukaryotes
Archaea are similar to other prokaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism. However, their genetic transcription and trans...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Archaea: Encyclopedia Ii - Archaea - Archaea, Bacteria And Eukaryotes
Archaea are similar to other prokaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism. However, their genetic transcription and trans...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microorganism: Encyclopedia - Microorganism
A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). Microorganisms are often ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microbiology: Encyclopedia - Microbiology
Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, viroids, prions, p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia - Alkane
An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Woese: Encyclopedia - Carl Woese
Carl Richard Woese is an American microbiologist famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1976 by phylogeneti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organism: Encyclopedia - Organism
In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wikispecies: Encyclopedia - Wikispecies
Wikispecies is a new project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is meant to become an open, free directory of species. This will c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aquificae: Encyclopedia - Aquificae
The Aquificae phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. They have been found in hot springs, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monera: Encyclopedia - Monera
The Monera are a biological kingdom, comprising most living things with a prokaryotic cell organization. For this reason the kingdom is s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia - Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. The element is very common, found not only o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia - Cell Wall
A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Binary Fission: Encyclopedia - Binary Fission
Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction used by most prokaryotes to reproduce. This process results in the reproduction of a l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chaperone: Encyclopedia - Chaperone
In biology, chaperones are proteins whose function is to assist other proteins in achieving proper folding. Many chaperones are heat shoc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anaerobic Organism: Encyclopedia - Anaerobic Organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burping: Encyclopedia - Burping
Burping, also known as belching, ructus or eructation, is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) thro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Smoker: Encyclopedia - Black Smoker
Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. Generally hundreds of meters wide, black smokers are formed when ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Descent: Encyclopedia - Common Descent
A group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common ancestor. In biology, the theory of universal common descent pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytochrome P450 Oxidase: Encyclopedia - Cytochrome P450 Oxidase
Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes (EC 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photosynthetic Pigment: Encyclopedia Ii - Photosynthetic Pigment - Bacteria
Like plants, the cyanobacteria use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis and therefore liberate oxygen; they also use chlorophyll...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photosynthetic Pigment: Encyclopedia Ii - Photosynthetic Pigment - Plants
Green plants have five closely-related photosynthetic pigments (in order of increasing polarity): Carotene - an orange pigment Xanthophy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rna Polymerase: Encyclopedia Ii - Rna Polymerase - Rna Polymerase In Prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, the same enzyme catalyzes the sythesis of three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. RNAP is a relatively large molecule. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Alkanes In Nature
Although alkanes occur in nature in various way, they do not rank biologically among the essential materials. Cycloalkanes with 14 to 18 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Nomenclature Of Alkanes
The names of all alkanes end with -ane. Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains. The first four members of the series (in terms ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microorganism: Encyclopedia Ii - Microorganism - Habitats And Ecology
Microorganisms are found everywhere in nature. Even in hostile environments, like the poles, deserts, geysers, rocks, and the deep sea, s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microorganism: Encyclopedia Ii - Microorganism - Habitats And Ecology
Microorganisms are found everywhere in nature. Even in hostile environments, like the poles, deserts, geysers, rocks, and the deep sea, s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Molecular Geometry
The molecular structure of the alkanes directly affects their physical and chemical characteristics. It is derived from the electron conf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Purification And Use
Alkanes are both important raw materials of the chemical industry and the most important fuels of the world economy. The starting materia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Properties
Alkane - Physical properties. The molecular structure, particularly the surface area of the molecule, determines the boiling point of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Reactions
Alkane - Reactions with oxygen. All alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction, although they become increasing difficult to ig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Occurrence
Alkanes occur both on Earth and in the solar system, however only the first hundred or so, and even then mostly only in traces. The light...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Descent: Encyclopedia Ii - Common Descent - Evidence For Common Descent
Common descent - Universality and similarity. The universality of the genetic code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive ev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lineage Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Lineage Evolution - Phylogenetic Representation Of Lineages
Lineages are typically visualized as subsets of a phylogenetic tree. For example, the tree in Figure 1 shows the separation of life into ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biofilm: Encyclopedia Ii - Biofilm - Properties
Biofilms are usually found on solid substrates submerged in or exposed to some aqueous solution, although they can form as floating mats ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methane: Encyclopedia Ii - Methane - Extraterrestrial Methane
Methane has been detected or is believed to exist in several locations of the solar system. It is believed to have been created by abioti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Smoker: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Smoker - Black Smoker Ecosystem
Although life is very sparse at these depths, black smokers are the center of entire ecosystems. Sunlight is nonexistent, so many organis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methane: Encyclopedia Ii - Methane - Reactions Of Methane
In the combustion of methane several steps are involved: Methane forms a methyl radical (CH3), which reacts with oxygen forming formaldeh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methane: Encyclopedia Ii - Methane - Uses
Methane is an important fuel for electrical generation. Compared to other fossil fuels, burning methane produces less carbon dioxide for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methane: Encyclopedia Ii - Methane - Sources Of Methane
Principal methane sources are Outgassing from earth's mantle through mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are often associated with petroleum de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolution Of Flagella: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolution Of Flagella - The Eukaryotic Flagellum
There are two competing groups of models for the evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic flagellum (referred to as a cilium below to distin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linnaean Taxonomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Linnaean Taxonomy - Later Developments
Over time, our understanding of the relationships between living things has changed. The greatest change was the widespread acceptance of...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Archaebacteria: Oceanography Dictionary - Archaebacteria
  Definition and meaning of Archaebacteria:   Archaebacteria - an ancient group of prokaryotes, over 3.5 billion years ol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Prokaryotic Cell Walls
Cell walls of bacteria are primarily used for protection against hostile environments or, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, against the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Genomics - Comparative Genomics
Main article: Comparative genomics Comparison of genomes has resulted in some surprising biological discoveries. If a particular DNA sequ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Classification - Modern Developments
Whereas Linnaeus classified for ease of identification, it is now generally accepted that classification should reflect the Darwinian pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plankton: Encyclopedia Ii - Plankton - Functional Groups
Plankton are primarily divided into broad functional (or trophic level) groups: Phytoplankton (from Greek phyton, or plant), autotrophic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Translation Genetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Translation Genetics - Eukaryotic Translation
Main Article: Eukaryotic translation In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, then the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm for the tra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytochrome P450 Oxidase: Encyclopedia Ii - Cytochrome P450 Oxidase - Molecular Biology
Mammalian cytochrome P450 oxidases have about 500 amino acids and a heme (hæm) group at the active site. Most can metabolize multiple su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Genomics - Genetic Similarity
It is often stated that a particular organism shares X percent of its DNA with humans. This number indicates the percentage of base pairs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Horizontal Gene Transfer: Encyclopedia Ii - Horizontal Gene Transfer - Eukaryotes
Analysis of DNA sequences suggests that horizontal gene transfer has also occurred within eukaryotes, from their chloroplast and mitochon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Fungal Cell Walls
Not all species of fungi have cell walls but in those that do, the cell walls are composed of cellulose, glucosamine, and chitin, the sam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burping: Encyclopedia Ii - Burping - Infant Burping
Babies are particularly subject to accumulation of gas in the stomach whilst feeding, and this can cause considerable agitation to the ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burping: Encyclopedia Ii - Burping - Burped Speech
It is possible to voluntarily induce burping by swallowing air and then expelling it, and by manipulation of the vocal tract produce burp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Horizontal Gene Transfer: Encyclopedia Ii - Horizontal Gene Transfer - Evolutionary Theory
Horizontal gene transfer is a potential confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of one gene. For example...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - History
Main articles: History of biology, History of medicine, History of genetics Major discoveries in biology include: Cell theory Germ theor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methionine: Encyclopedia Ii - Methionine - Biosynthesis
Since methionine is an essential amino acid, it cannot be synthesized in humans. However, in plants and microorganisms, methionine is syn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biofilm: Encyclopedia Ii - Biofilm - Formation
Formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of free-floating microorganisms to a surface. These first colonists adhere to the surfa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thermophile: Encyclopedia Ii - Thermophile - Importance Of Enzymes From Thermophiles
The enzymes isolated from some extremophiles have proven to be of great use in the biotechnology industry, able to function under conditi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - History
Main articles: History of biology, History of medicine, History of genetics Major discoveries in biology include: Cell theory Germ theor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Mine Drainage: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Mine Drainage - Occurrence
Subsurface mining often progresses below the water table, in which case water must be constantly pumped out of the mine in order to preve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Branches Of Biology
While botany encompasses the study of plants, zoology is the branch of science that is concerned about the study of animals and anthropol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - Proton Gradients
The proton gradient can be used as an intermediate energy storage for heat production and flagellar rotation. Additionally it is an inter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Overview
Cell biology - Properties of cells. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, conve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Principles Of Biology
Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - Proton Gradients
The proton gradient can be used as an intermediate energy storage for heat production and flagellar rotation. Additionally, it is an inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Polymerase Chain Reaction - History
PCR was invented by Kary Mullis while working for Cetus in December 1983. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 for this ac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Overview
Cell biology - Properties of cells. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, conve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Sulfide: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Sulfide - Occurrence
Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum but natural gas can contain up to 28%. Volcanoes and hot springs emit some H2S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Genomics - History
Genomics appeared in the 1980s and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several species. The related field of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - History
Oxygen was first discovered by Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist and philosopher in late 16th century. Sędziwój assumed the existenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Algal Cell Walls
Like plants, algae have cell walls (Sendbusch, 2003). Algal cell walls contain cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins. The inclusion of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burping: Encyclopedia Ii - Burping - Physiology
Burping is typically caused by eating or drinking too fast, and thereby swallowing (aerophagia) and subsequently expelling air, in which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Mine Drainage: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Mine Drainage - Chemistry
The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites, the production of ferrous ions and subsequently ferric ions, is very complex, and this complexity ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linnaean Taxonomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Linnaean Taxonomy - Nomenclature
A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to develop a simple and practical system for organizing the different kinds of liv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Mine Drainage: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Mine Drainage - List Of Acid Mine Drainage Sites Worldwide
This list will never be complete, but it hints at the enormity of the problem. It includes both mines producing ARD and river systems sig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Histone: Encyclopedia Ii - Histone - Classes
Six histone classes are known: H1 (sometimes called the linker histone or H5.) H2A H2B H3 H4 Archaeal histones Two each of the class H2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plankton: Encyclopedia Ii - Plankton - Size Groups
Plankton are also often described in terms of size. Usually the following divisions are used: Megaplankton, 2×10-1→2×100 m (20-200 c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Histone: Encyclopedia Ii - Histone - Functions
Histone - Packing proteins. Histones act as spools around which DNA winds. This enables the compaction necessary to fit the large genom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plankton: Encyclopedia Ii - Plankton - Distribution
Plankton are found throughout the oceans, seas and lakes of Earth. However, the local abundance of plankton varies horizontally, vertical...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plankton: Encyclopedia Ii - Plankton - Biogeochemical Significance
Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a food chain that leads up to commercially important fisheries, plankton ecosystems play...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plankton: Encyclopedia Ii - Plankton - Cultural References
In the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants, Plankton is the name (and species) of one of the primary antagonists SpongeBob f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Principles Of Biology
Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plankton: Encyclopedia Ii - Plankton - Definitions
The name plankton is derived from the Greek term πλαγκτον, meaning "wanderer" or "drifter". While some forms of plankton are capa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - General Overview
An electrochemical gradient has two components. First, the electrical component is caused by a charge difference across the lipid membran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - Ion Gradients
With respect to a cell, organelle, or other subcellular compartment, the propensity of an electrically charged solute, such as a potassiu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methionine: Encyclopedia Ii - Methionine - Other Biochemical Pathways
Although mammals cannot synthesize methionine, they can still utilize it in a variety of biochemical pathways: Methionine is converted t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urbana Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Urbana Illinois - Geography
Urbana is located at 40°6'35" North, 88°12'15" West (40.109665, -88.204247)GR1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolution Of Flagella: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolution Of Flagella - The Bacterial Flagellum
An approach to the evolutionary origin of the bacterial flagellum is suggested by the fact that a subset of flagellar components can func...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urbana Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Urbana Illinois - Transportation
Downtown Urbana is located southwest of the intersection of its two busiest streets: U.S. Highway 150 (University Avenue) and U.S. Highwa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chaperonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Chaperonin - Categories Of Chaperonins
Group I chaperonins are found in prokaryotes as well as organelles of endosymbiotic origin: chloroplasts and mitochondria. The GroEL/GroE...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urbana Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Urbana Illinois - Parks
Meadowbrook Park is located southeast of the Race Street and Windsor Road intersection. It has a sculpture garden with about twenty sculp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Algal Cell Walls
Like plants, algae have cell walls (Sendbusch, 2003). Algal cell walls contain cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins. The inclusion of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biosignature: Encyclopedia Ii - Biosignature - Biosignatures In Astrobiology
In Astrobiology, a biosignature is a sign of the presence of life in general and is usually studied with an eye towards identifying and d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - Ion Gradients
With respect to a cell, organelle, or other subcellular compartments, the inclined tendency of an electrically charged solute, such as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Mine Drainage: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Mine Drainage - Treatment
Acid mine drainage - Oversight. In the United Kingdom, many discharges from abandoned mines are exempt from regulatory control. In such...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Life - Other Models
Origin of life - Clay theory of the origin of life. A hypothesis for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by Dr A. Graham Cai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Life - Other Models
Origin of life - Clay theory of the origin of life. A hypothesis for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by Dr A. Graham Cai...   » Read the article

Article - Oceanography Sitemap I - A
This is a sitemap for Oceanography - A . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. The ...   » Read the article