Arbil - Ancient history. Urban life at Arbil can be dated back to at least twenty-third century BCE. The city's archaeological museum contains only pre-Islamic objects. Arbil's name is thought to come from the Akkadian arba'ū ilū, meaning four gods. The city was a centre for the worship of the Assyrian goddess Ishtar. In classical times, the city was known by its Aramaic name, Arbela. The Battle of Gaugamela, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia in 331 BCE, took place ...

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Arbil, Arbil - History, Arbil - Ancient history, Arbil - Modern history, Arbil - Current events, Arbil - Famous writers of Arbil, Arbil - Villages and towns

Read more here: » Arbil: Encyclopedia II - Arbil - History

See also:

Arbil, Arbil - History, Arbil - Ancient history, Arbil - Modern history, Arbil - Current events, Arbil - The historical landmarks of Arbil, Arbil - View of Arbil, Arbil - Famous writers of Arbil, Arbil - Villages and towns

Read more here: » Arbil: Encyclopedia II - Arbil - History

Iraq has one of the world's oldest cultural histories. Culture of Iraq - Historical. Unlike many Arab countries, in a particularly similar manner to Iran (Persia), Iraq's neighbouring country, it embraces and celebrates the achievements of its past in pre-Islamic times. What is now Iraq was one of the cradles of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. One of the great achievements of Ancient Mesopotamia, is, what seems like an ancient battery. Some archaeologists recently discovered a pot that could produce a couple ...

Including:

Culture of Iraq - Historical
Culture of Iraq - Archaeological losses
Culture of Iraq - Modern culture
Culture of Iraq - Idioms

Read more here: » Culture of Iraq: Encyclopedia - Culture of Iraq

In the Battle of Gaugamela (IPA: /ˌgɔgəˈmilə/) in 331 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia. The battle is also inaccurately called the Battle of Arbela. Battle of Gaugamela - Combatants. Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander, 7,250 cavalry and 40,000 infantry. (According to Arrian) Persians under Darius, with maybe 35,000 mostly heavy cavalry, 200,000 infantry (including some 10,000 Greek mercenari ...

Including:

Battle of Gaugamela - Combatants Battle of Gaugamela - Location Battle of Gaugamela - Prelude Battle of Gaugamela - The battle Battle of Gaugamela - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Gaugamela: Encyclopedia - Battle of Gaugamela

Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. It was originally spoken in three villages near Aqra in Iraqi Kurdistan. The native name of the language is Lishanid Janan, which means 'our language', and is similar to names used by other Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects (Lishan Didan, Lishanid Noshan). Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic - Origin and use today. The Jewish inhabitants of a wide area from northern Iraq, eastern Turkey a ...

Including:

Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic - Origin and use today

Read more here: » Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic: Encyclopedia - Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic

Occupation of Iraq timeline - January. Occupation of Iraq timeline - February. February 23 "First -- and this is really the overarching principle -- the United States seeks to liberate Iraq, not occupy Iraq . . . If the President should decide to use force, let me assure you again that the United States would be committed to liberating the people of Iraq, not becoming an occupation force". Paul Wolfowitz Speech to Iraqi-American CommunitySee also:

Occupation of Iraq timeline, Occupation of Iraq timeline - 2003, Occupation of Iraq timeline - January, Occupation of Iraq timeline - February, Occupation of Iraq timeline - March, Occupation of Iraq timeline - April, Occupation of Iraq timeline - May, Occupation of Iraq timeline - June, Occupation of Iraq timeline - July, Occupation of Iraq timeline - August, Occupation of Iraq timeline - September, Occupation of Iraq timeline - October, Occupation of Iraq timeline - November, Occupation of Iraq timeline - December, Occupation of Iraq timeline - 2004, Occupation of Iraq timeline - January, Occupation of Iraq timeline - February, Occupation of Iraq timeline - March, Occupation of Iraq timeline - April, Occupation of Iraq timeline - May, Occupation of Iraq timeline - June, Occupation of Iraq timeline - July, Occupation of Iraq timeline - August, Occupation of Iraq timeline - September, Occupation of Iraq timeline - October

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The Kurdistan Region was originally established in 1970 as the Kurdish Autonomous Region following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi Kurdish community. A Legislative Assembly was established in the city of Arbil with theoretical authority over the Kurdish-populated governorates of Arbil, Dahuk and As Sulaymaniyah. In the new Iraqi Constitution, it is refe ...

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Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan - Name, Iraqi Kurdistan - History, Iraqi Kurdistan - Politics, Iraqi Kurdistan - Economy, Iraqi Kurdistan - Geography, Iraqi Kurdistan - Governorates, Iraqi Kurdistan - Military, Iraqi Kurdistan - Culture, Iraqi Kurdistan - Music, Iraqi Kurdistan - Timeline of the Kurdish uprising

Read more here: » Iraqi Kurdistan: Encyclopedia II - Iraqi Kurdistan - History

The battle began with the Persians already present at the battlefield. Darius had recruited the finest cavalry from his satrapies and from an allied Scythian tribe. Darius also deployed scythed chariots for which he had prepared cleared terrain in front of his troops. He also had 50 Indian elephants supported by Indian chariots, although these seemingly played no role in the battle. Before the battle, Darius ordered bushes and vegetation removed from the bat ...

See also:

Battle of Gaugamela, Battle of Gaugamela - Combatants, Battle of Gaugamela - Location, Battle of Gaugamela - Prelude, Battle of Gaugamela - The battle, Battle of Gaugamela - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Gaugamela: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Gaugamela - The battle

Main article: History of Iraq The Republic of Iraq sits on land that is historically known as Mesopotamia, which means 'land between the rivers' in Greek. This land was home to some of the world's first civilizations, including the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian cultures, whose influence extended into neighboring regions as early as 5000 BC. These civilizations produced some of the first writing, science, mathematics, law and philosophy in the world, making the region the center of what is commonly called the "Cradle of Civilization". Ancient Mesopotamian civilization dominated ...

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Iraq, Iraq - History, Iraq - Modern politics, Iraq - Minority oppression, Iraq - Governorates, Iraq - Geography, Iraq - Economy, Iraq - Demographics, Iraq - Culture, Iraq - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Iraq: Encyclopedia II - Iraq - History

The battle began with the Persians already present at the battlefield. Darius had recruited the finest cavalry from his satrapies and from an allied Scythian tribe. Darius also deployed scythed chariots for which he had prepared cleared terrain in front of his troops. He also had 50 Indian elephants supported by Indian chariots, although these seemingly played no role in the battle. Before the battle, Darius ordered bushes and vegetation removed from the battlef ...

See also:

Battle of Gaugamela, Battle of Gaugamela - Combatants, Battle of Gaugamela - Location, Battle of Gaugamela - Prelude, Battle of Gaugamela - Battle, Battle of Gaugamela - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Gaugamela: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Gaugamela - Battle

In order to understand Ansar al-Islam better, it is necessary to understand the broader Salafist ideology that drives them. Salafism is one of the major movements within contemporary Sunni Islam. There is some debate as to whether the movement constitutes both a religious and a political movement, given its broad outlook and call for sweeping changes in both religion and society to reflect the correct teachings of the Prophet Mohammed. The contemporary Salafist movement grew out of the Wahhabi madhhab (school) of Sunni Islam. The Wahhabists ...

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Ansar al-Islam, Ansar al-Islam - History, Ansar al-Islam - Operations in Iraq, Ansar al-Islam - Salafism, Ansar al-Islam - Online Video

Read more here: » Ansar al-Islam: Encyclopedia II - Ansar al-Islam - Salafism

There are two major dialect clusters of Lishanid Noshan. The western cluster of dialects was centred around Arbil. Most of the Jews of Arbil itself spoke Arabic as their first language, and their Aramaic was heavily influenced by Iraqi Arabic. Dastit, the language of the plain, is the Aramaic dialect of the villages of the Plain of Arbil. Lishanid Noshan was also spoken about 50 km north of Arbil, in the village of Dobe, with a ...

See also:

Lishanid Noshan, Lishanid Noshan - Origins, Lishanid Noshan - Modern Use

Read more here: » Lishanid Noshan: Encyclopedia II - Lishanid Noshan - Modern Use

Under the former Iraqi Ba'athist regime, which ruled Iraq from 1968 until 2003, Kurds were initially granted limited autonomy (1970), and after the Barzani revolt in 1961, were given some high-level political representation in Baghdad. However, for various reasons, including the pro-Iranian sympathies of some Kurds during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out. Iraq was widely-condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressi ...

See also:

Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan - Name, Iraqi Kurdistan - History, Iraqi Kurdistan - Anfal genocidal campaign, Iraqi Kurdistan - Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraqi Kurdistan - Timeline of the Kurdish uprising, Iraqi Kurdistan - Politics, Iraqi Kurdistan - Some Iraqi Kurdish Politicians, Iraqi Kurdistan - Economy, Iraqi Kurdistan - Geography, Iraqi Kurdistan - Governorates, Iraqi Kurdistan - Military, Iraqi Kurdistan - Culture, Iraqi Kurdistan - Music, Iraqi Kurdistan - Views of Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan - Historical and touristic attractions, Iraqi Kurdistan - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Iraqi Kurdistan: Encyclopedia II - Iraqi Kurdistan - History

List of stadiums - Algeria. Stade 5 Julliet 1962, Algiers Stade 19 Mai 1956, Annaba Stade 24 Fevrier 1956, Sidi Bel Abbes Stade Ahmed Zabana, Oran List of stadiums - Angola. Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda Estádio Municipal de Benguela, Benguela Estádio Joaquim Dinis, Luanda List of stadiums - Benin. Stade de l'Amitié, Cotonou List of stadiums - Botswana.

A people known as Turkmen (or Turkoman) live in northern Iraq, notably in the city of Kirkuk (where until recent decades they were the majority of the population), and in other northern cities and towns including Mosul and Arbil. Estimates of their numbers vary dramatically, from 300,000 according to Ethnologue figures [2] up to 3,500,000. [3] Like the Turks of Turkey and the Azeris of Azerbaijan, they are descendants of the Turkic peoples who migrated out of Central Asia in numerous waves starting primarily in the 9th and 10th centur ...

See also:

Turkmen people, Turkmen people - Turkmen in Central Asia, Turkmen people - Turkmen in Iraq, Turkmen people - Notes

Read more here: » Turkmen people: Encyclopedia II - Turkmen people - Turkmen in Iraq

John Rendon began his career as an election campaign consultant to Democratic Party politicians. According to Franklin Foer, "He masterminded Michael Dukakis's gubernatorial campaign in 1974; worked as executive director of the Democratic National Committee in the Jimmy Carter era; managed the 1980 Democratic convention in New York; and subsequently worked as chief scheduler for Carter's reelection campaign." In the mid-1980s, however, he began working for clients in the Caribbean and other places outside the United States. "[His] career too ...

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Rendon Group, Rendon Group - History, Rendon Group - The Rendon Group and Kuwait, Rendon Group - Anti-Saddam propaganda, Rendon Group - Publics relations work in the war on terror, Rendon Group - Personnel, Rendon Group - Clients

Read more here: » Rendon Group: Encyclopedia II - Rendon Group - History

Main article: Politics of Iraq Iraq was under Ba'ath Party rule from 1968 to 2003, in 1979 Saddam Hussein took leadership and became president until 2003, when he was unseated by a US-led invasion. The unicameral Iraqi parliament, the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani, had 250 seats and its members were elected for 4-year terms. No non-Ba'ath candidates were allowed to run. In November 2003, the US-managed Coalition Provisional Authority announced plans to turn over sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government b ...

See also:

Iraq, Iraq - Modern history, Iraq - Modern politics, Iraq - Governorates, Iraq - Geography, Iraq - Economy, Iraq - Demographics, Iraq - Culture, Iraq - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Iraq: Encyclopedia II - Iraq - Modern politics

Hulaulá sits at the southeastern extreme of the wide area over which various Neo-Aramaic dialects used to be spoken. From Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan Province, Iran, the area extended north, to the banks of Lake Urmia. From there, it extended west to Lake Van (in Turkey), and south onto the Plain of Mosul (in Iraq). Then it headed east again, through Arbil, back to Sanandaj. Hulaulá is somewhat intelligible with the Jewish Neo-Aramaic of Lake Urmia and Iranian Azerbaijan: Lishan Didan. It is also somewhat intelligible with it ...

See also:

Hulaula language, Hulaula language - Origin and use today

Read more here: » Hulaula language: Encyclopedia II - Hulaula language - Origin and use today

The Jewish inhabitants of a wide area from northern Iraq, eastern Turkey and north western Iran mostly spoke various dialects of modern Aramaic. The turmoil near the end of the First World War and resettlement in Israel in 1951 (when eight families from Bijil moved to the new Jewish state) led to the decline of these traditional languages. This particular and distinct dialect of Jewish Neo-Aramaic was spoken in the villages of Bij ...

See also:

Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic - Origin and use today

Read more here: » Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic: Encyclopedia II - Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic - Origin and use today

Unlike many Arab countries, in a particularly similar manner to Iran (Persia), Iraq's neighbouring country, it embraces and celebrates the achievements of its past in pre-Islamic times. What is now Iraq was one of the cradles of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. One of the great achievements of Ancient Mesopotamia, is, what seems like an ancient battery. Some archaeologists recently discovered a pot that could produce a couple of watts of electricity. Modern science only reached that stage recently. In the 8th century and 9th century, the Islamic Abbasid Caliphs presided over what was then the world's leading civi ...

See also:

Culture of Iraq, Culture of Iraq - Historical, Culture of Iraq - Archaeological losses, Culture of Iraq - Modern culture, Culture of Iraq - Idioms

Read more here: » Culture of Iraq: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Iraq - Historical