Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. It has been the language of administration of empires and the language of divine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Modern Aramaic
Over four hundred thousand people speak Aramaic to this day. They are Jews, Christians, Muslims and Mandaeans, living in remote areas and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - History
Here follows a comprehensive history of Aramaic. The history is broken down into three broad periods: Old Aramaic (1100 BCE–200 CE), i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Old Aramaic
Old Aramaic covers over thirteen centuries of the language. This vast time span is chosen as it includes all Aramaic that is now effectiv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barzani Jewish Neo-aramaic: Encyclopedia - Barzani Jewish Neo-aramaic
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. It was originally spoken in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chaldean Neo-aramaic: Encyclopedia - Chaldean Neo-aramaic
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. Called Neo-Aramaic, it is not to be confused with the, mostly now di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Aramaic Alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philology: Encyclopedia - Philology
Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. The term originally meant a love (Greek philo-) of learning and literature (Greek ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Primacy: Encyclopedia - Aramaic Primacy
Aramaic Primacists believe that the Christian New Testament and/or its sources were originally written in the Aramaic language, not Koine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biblical Aramaic: Encyclopedia - Biblical Aramaic
Biblical Aramaic is the form of the Aramaic language that is used in the books of Daniel, Ezra and a few other places in the Hebrew Bible...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian Language: Encyclopedia - Assyrian Language
The term Assyrian language can mean any one of: Akkadian language: an extinct Semitic language spoken in Assyro-Babylonian times. Aram...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian: Encyclopedia - Assyrian
Assyrian may refer to: Someone or something from Assyria. The Assyrian people. One of the Assyrian languages: Akkadian language: an ext...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia - Assyrian People
This article concerns the Assyrian people. For their ancient empire, see Assyria. United States and Canada:    300,000 (est....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Of Jesus: Encyclopedia - Aramaic Of Jesus
It is generally accepted that Aramaic was the mother tongue of Jesus. This article explores the use of Aramaic in the New Testament, as a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian Church Of The East: Encyclopedia - Assyrian Church Of The East
The Holy Catholic and Apostolic Assyrian Church of the East is a Christian church that traces its origins to the See of Babylon, said to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible Translations: Encyclopedia - Bible Translations
The Bible has been translated into many languages. The Jewish Tanakh (almost identical to the Protestant Old Testament) was originally wr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eli: Encyclopedia - Eli
Eli may refer to: Eli (אלי) (IPA: /ʔeːˈliː/) is a variant on the name of God (see El (god)) as spoken in Hebrew and Aramaic. (The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arameans: Encyclopedia - Arameans
The Aramaeans, or Arameans, were a Semitic, seminomadic and pastoralist people who originated and had lived in upper Mesopotamia and Syri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peter: Encyclopedia - Peter
Peter is a popular male given name. Peter comes from the Greek word πέτρα (read petra, in Latin used as petro-), meaning rock. Accor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aleph: Encyclopedia - Aleph
Aleph or alef has several meanings: Aleph or Alef, first letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. ʾal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semitic: Encyclopedia - Semitic
Semitic is a linguistic term referring to a subdivision of largely Middle Eastern Afro-Asiatic languages, the Semitic languages, as well ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonite Language: Encyclopedia - Ammonite Language
The Ammonite language is the extinct Hebrew Canaanite language of the Ammonite people mentioned in the Bible, who used to live in modern-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 10th Century Bc: Encyclopedia - 10th Century Bc
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 10th century BC - Overview. 10th century BC - Events. Partition of ancient I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bedřich Hrozný: Encyclopedia - Bedřich Hrozný
Bedřich Hrozný listen ▶ (help·info) (May 6, 1879 - December 12, 1952) was a Czech orientalist and linguist. He deciphered the ancien...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calvary: Encyclopedia - Calvary
Calvary (Golgotha) is the English-language name given to the hill outside Jerusalem on which Jesus was crucified. Calvaria in Latin, Κρ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Encyclopedia - Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
The Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, or BHS, is an edition of the Hebrew Bible published by the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (German Bible S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biblia Vulgata: Encyclopedia - Biblia Vulgata
Biblia Vulgata is the Latin name of the Bible known in English as The Vulgate. Its name means "the common Bible" or "the Bible of the peo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zemirot: Encyclopedia - Zemirot
Zemirot (singular zemirah) are Jewish hymns, usually sung in the Hebrew or Aramaic languages, but sometimes also in Yiddish or Ladino. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christoph Luxenberg: Encyclopedia - Christoph Luxenberg
Christoph Luxenberg is the pseudonym of the author of the 2000 book Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran: Ein Beitrag zur Entschlüsselu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cambyses: Encyclopedia - Cambyses
Cambyses (or Cambese) is the Greek version of the name of several monarchs of Achaemenid line of ancient Persia. The same name appears as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Way International: Encyclopedia - The Way International
The Way International is a religious organization founded by Victor Paul Wierwille in 1942. The Way International has produced extensive ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armenian Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Armenian Alphabet
Saint Mesrop Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet in AD 406. It is used for the Armenian language. Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Septuagint: Encyclopedia - Septuagint
The Septuagint (LXX) is the name commonly given in the West to the Koine Greek Alexandrine text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chaldean Neo-aramaic: Encyclopedia Ii - Chaldean Neo-aramaic - Origin History And Use Today
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is one of a number of modern Eastern Aramaic languages spoken in the region between Lake Urmia in Iranian Azerbaijan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barzani Jewish Neo-aramaic: Encyclopedia Ii - Barzani Jewish Neo-aramaic - Origin And Use Today
The Jewish inhabitants of a wide area from northern Iraq, eastern Turkey and north western Iran mostly spoke various dialects of modern A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hulaula Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hulaula Language - Origin And Use Today
Hulaulá sits at the southeastern extreme of the wide area over which various Neo-Aramaic dialects used to be spoken. From Sanandaj, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lishan Didan: Encyclopedia Ii - Lishan Didan - Origin And Use Today
Various Neo-Aramaic dialects were spoken across a wide area from Lake Urmia to Lake Van (in Turkey), down to the plain of Mosul (in Iraq)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lishanid Noshan: Encyclopedia Ii - Lishanid Noshan - Modern Use
There are two major dialect clusters of Lishanid Noshan. The western cluster of dialects was centred around Arbil. Most of the Jews of Ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lishana Deni: Encyclopedia Ii - Lishana Deni - Origin And Use Today
Various Neo-Aramaic dialects were spoken across a wide area from the Zakho region, in the west, to Lake Urmia, in the northeast to Sanand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philology: Encyclopedia Ii - Philology - Branches Of Philology
Philology - Comparative philology. One branch of philology is comparative linguistics, which studies the relationship between languages...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian Neo-aramaic: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian Neo-aramaic - Origin History And Use Today
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is one of a number of modern Eastern Aramaic languages spoken in the region between Lake Urmia in Iranian Azerbaijan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biblical Aramaic: Encyclopedia Ii - Biblical Aramaic - Aramaic And Hebrew
Hebrew is the main language of the Hebrew Bible. Aramaic only accounts for about ten chapters of the whole. Biblical Aramaic is closely r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Senaya Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Senaya Language - Origin History And Use Today
The city of Sanandaj is at the southeastern periphery of the area of spoken modern Aramaic languages. Its geography makes the Neo-Aramaic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Language
The modern Assyrian language belongs to the Eastern Aramaic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. It is a Semitic language similar to Hebrew...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syriac Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Syriac Language - History
The history of Syriac can be divided into three distinct periods: Old Syriac (the language of the kingdom of Osroene), Middle Syriac (K�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Neo-aramaic Koine
Beside local Aramaic vernacular forms, there is a literary language, based primarily on the dialect used in the Urmia district of northwe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Ottoman Assyrians
The Ottoman Empire, before it began to decay, had an elaborate system of administering the non-Muslim "People of the Book." That is, they...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Assyrians And Islam
Assyrians are not Arabs yet may speak Arabic and/or other languages of their adopted nations as well as their own. They are of Semitic or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syriac Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Syriac Language - Classification
Syriac is a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family, the Semitic language sub-family, the West Semitic language branch, and the Aramai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Assyrian Diaspora
At the turn of the century the Christian population in Ottoman regions had numbered about 5,000,000. When the massacres finally ended in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Assyrians In Iraq
In 1933, the Iraqi government held the Patriarch of the Church of the East, the Mar Shamun, under house arrest. When he left Iraq to appe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyrian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Assyrian People - Neo-assyrian Revival
Many Assyrians currently have an apocalyptic belief in the future of their nation, based on the following passage from the Bible: At tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Of Jesus: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Of Jesus - Cultural And Linguistic Background
Evidence from 1st century Galilee and Judea shows that Aramaic was the main language of the native population. Evidence from within the N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Of Jesus: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Of Jesus - Aramaic Personal Names In The New Testament
Personal names in the New Testament come from a number of languages, Hebrew and Greek are most common. However, there are a good few Aram...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syriac Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Syriac Language - Sounds
There is some variation in the pronunciation of Syriac in its various forms. The various Modern Eastern Aramaic vernaculars have quite di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Name - Names Of Aramaic Origin
At the end of the First Temple Period, the Kingdom of Judah was destroyed, and its inhabitants were taken into captivity in Babylon. Whil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christians In Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Christians In Iran - History
According to the reports of the Acts of the Apostles there were Persians, Parthians and Medes among the very first new Christian converts...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lingua Franca: Encyclopedia Ii - Lingua Franca - Languages Which Have Served As A Lingua Franca
The Aramaic, native language of the Arameans, became the lingua franca of the Assyrian Empire and the western provinces of the Persian Em...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lingua Franca: Encyclopedia Ii - Lingua Franca - Languages Which Have Served As A Lingua Franca
The Aramaic, native language of the Arameans, became the lingua franca of the Assyrian Empire and the western provinces of the Persian Em...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Languages - W
Waddar Wakhi (Iranian) Walloon (Romance) Waneci Wapishana Waray-Waray Washo Welsh (Celtic) West Yurghur Western Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - History
Old Persian, the main language of the Achaemenid inscriptions, should not be confused with the non-Indo-European Elamite language (see Be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of India: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of India - Alphabets Of Indian Languages
Indian languages have corresponding distinct alphabets. The two major families are those of the Dravidian languages and those of the Indo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lord's Prayer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lord's Prayer - The Text Of The Lord's Prayer
Although Jesus would, most probably, have taught the prayer in Aramaic, the earliest texts we have are in Greek. As Latin was the dominan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - History
While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extrem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semitic: Encyclopedia Ii - Semitic - Language
The modern linguistic meaning of "Semitic" is therefore derived from, but not identical to Biblical usage. In a linguistic context the Se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shuadit Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Shuadit Language - Phonology
Shuadit displays a number of phonological characteristics that make it unique among Jewish languages. The name "Shuadit" literally means ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semitic: Encyclopedia Ii - Semitic - Language
The modern linguistic meaning of "Semitic" is therefore derived from, but not identical to Biblical usage. In a linguistic context the Se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - History
While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extrem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Book Of Enoch: Encyclopedia Ii - Book Of Enoch - History
The book, apparently as a Greek language text, was known to and quoted by nearly all Church Fathers. There was some dispute about whether...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gruzinic: Encyclopedia Ii - Gruzinic - Relationship To Other Languages
Gruzinic is the only South Caucasian (or Kartvelian) Jewish language. Its status as a distinct language from the Georgian language is the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Language - Writing System
Main article: Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety - Nabataean or Syriac - is a matter of s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Language - Writing System
Main article: Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety - Nabataean or Syriac - is a matter of s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Etruscan Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Etruscan Language - Other Less Accepted Theories
The interest in Etruscan antiquities and the mysterious Etruscan language found its modern origin in a book by a Dominican monk, Annio da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shuadit Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Shuadit Language - Varieties
Shuadit writings consist of two distinct varieties: religious texts and popular prose. As with most Jewish languages, both forms were wri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Book Of Enoch: Encyclopedia Ii - Book Of Enoch - History
The book, apparently as a Greek language text, was known to and quoted by nearly all Church Fathers. There was some dispute about whether...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Mizrahi Jews - Language
Many Mizrahi communities existed in Arab countries, and at various times spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects, though these are now ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Mizrahi Jews - Language
Many Mizrahi communities existed in Arab countries, and at various times spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects, though these are now ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afro-asiatic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Afro-asiatic Languages - Classification History
Medieval scholars sometimes linked two or more branches of Afro-Asiatic together; already in the 9th century, the Hebrew grammarian Judah...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Testament: Encyclopedia Ii - New Testament - Language
The common language spoken in the time of Jesus was Aramaic. However, the original text of the New Testament was most likely written in K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jerusalem Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Jerusalem Talmud - Comparison To Babylonian Talmud
Without the time and freedom given to the production of the Babylonian Talmud, the Jerusalem Talmud exhibits less coherence in its discus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yiddish Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Yiddish Language - Yiddish And Other Languages
Yiddish eventually split into Western (German) Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish. The latter in turn split into North-Eastern (Litvish) Yiddish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yiddish Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Yiddish Language - Yiddish And Other Languages
Yiddish eventually split into Western (German) Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish. The latter in turn split into North-Eastern (Litvish) Yiddish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - El God: Encyclopedia Ii - El God - Linguistic Forms And Meanings
Cognate forms are found throughout the Semitic languages with the exception of the ancient Ge'ez language of Ethiopia. Forms include Ugar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ge'ez Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ge'ez Language - Writing System
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Arabic Alphabet - Pre-islamic Arabic Inscriptions
A fair number of Arabian inscriptions survive from the pre-Islamic era, but, very few are in the Arabic alphabet. Some are in the Arabic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alqosh: Encyclopedia Ii - Alqosh - Demographic And Social Status
According to the latest statistics, Alqush's population reaches 4,500 - 5,000. Alqush's population at one but was as high as 15,000 durin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Language And Literature
See main articles: Phoenician language, Phoenician alphabet, Alphabet. The Phoenicians are credited with developing the Phoenician alphab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nephi: Encyclopedia Ii - Nephi - Speculation On The Name
The origin of the name Nephi is uncertain. It is not an attested Hebrew name, but some LDS apologists have speculated that it may be a He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Middle East: Encyclopedia Ii - Middle East - Characteristics
The Middle East is generally thought of as a predominantly Muslim, Arabic community. However the area encompasses many distinct cultural ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Septuagint: Encyclopedia Ii - Septuagint - Use Of The Septuagint
Septuagint - Jewish use. Jewish attitudes toward translations of their scriptures developed with time. By the 2nd century BC, it was of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palestinian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Palestinian People - The Ancestry Of The Palestinians
Palestinians claim to have a mixed ancestry. Arabs, Crusaders, Romans, Jews, and other people have all settled in the region and intermar...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Targum: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Targum
Targum (Hebrew) [from the verbal root ragam to arrange, explain, interpret]   Interpretation; paraphrases of books of the Old Tes...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Targum: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Targum
Targum (Chald.). Lit., "Interpretation", from the root targem to interpret. Paraphrases of Hebrew Scriptures.   Some o...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Targum: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Targum
Targum (Hebrew) [from the verbal root ragam to arrange, explain, interpret]   Interpretation; paraphrases of books of the Old Tes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Sounds
Each dialect of Aramaic has its own distinctive pronunciation, and it would not be possible here to go into all these properties. Aramaic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Middle Aramaic
The third century CE is taken as the threshold between Old and Middle Aramaic. During that century, the nature of the various Aramaic lan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Writing System
The earliest Aramaic alphabet was based on the Phoenician script. In time, Aramaic developed its distinctive 'square' style. The ancient ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Geographic Distribution
During the twelfth century BCE, Aramaeans, the native speakers of Aramaic, began to settle in great numbers in modern-day Syria, Iraq and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Grammar
As with other Semitic languages, Aramaic morphology (the way words are put together) is based on the triliteral root. The root consists o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chaldean Neo-aramaic: Encyclopedia Ii - Chaldean Neo-aramaic - Origin, History And Use Today
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is one of a number of modern Eastern Aramaic languages spoken in the region between Lake Urmia in Iranian Azerbaijan...   » Read the article