Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet
History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Computers And The Arabic Alphabet
The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6 and Unicode, in the latter thanks to the "Arabic se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Structure Of The Arabic Alphabet
The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left and is composed of 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the script for other languages such...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Presentation Of The Alphabet
The following table provides all of the Unicode characters for Arabic, and none of the supplementary letters used for other languages. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arab: Encyclopedia - Arab
The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originatin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Transliteration: Encyclopedia - Arabic Transliteration
History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Due to the fact that the Ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Calligraphy: Encyclopedia - Islamic Calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy is an aspect of Islamic art that has co-evolved alongside the religion of Islam and the Arabic language. Arabic/Persi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar
Arabic is a Semitic language. See Arabic language for more information on the language in general. This article describes the grammar of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abjadi Order: Encyclopedia - Abjadi Order
The special Abjad (أبجد ʾabǧad) order of the Arabic alphabet (or two slightly variant orders) was devised by matching an Arabic let...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Numerals: Encyclopedia - Arabic Numerals
Arabic numerals is the term usually applied to the "Western" variant of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, commonly used in conjunction wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alif: Encyclopedia - Alif
Alif (ʾalif ﺍ) is the first letter of the Arabic alphabet. Together with Hebrew aleph, Greek alpha and Latin A, it is descended from P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aleph: Encyclopedia - Aleph
Aleph or alef has several meanings: Aleph or Alef, first letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. ʾal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qoph: Encyclopedia - Qoph
Qoph is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and and Arabic ق in abjadi order. It rep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aljamiado: Encyclopedia - Aljamiado
A text in a Romance language is said to be aljamiado if it is written using the Arabic or Hebrew alphabets, as texts written in the Mozar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aleph Letter: Encyclopedia - Aleph Letter
Aleph (ʾāleph; also spelled Alef) is the first letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic (see ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ugaritic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Ugaritic Alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abjad Numerals: Encyclopedia - Abjad Numerals
Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 The Abjad numerals are a decimal numeral syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waw Letter: Encyclopedia - Waw Letter
Vav, waw, or vau is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic و in abjadi order; it ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coptic Language: Encyclopedia - Coptic Language
The Coptic language is the last phase of the Egyptian languages, and is the direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language written in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Numerals: Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Numerals
Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system deri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A: Encyclopedia - A
The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a, plural ās or aes. A - History. The letter A probably...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Aramaic Alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Arabic Alphabet - Reorganization Of The Alphabet
Less than a century later, Arab grammarians reorganized the alphabet, for reasons of teaching, putting letters next to other letters whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Arabic Alphabet - Origins
The Arabic alphabet evolved either from the Nabataean, or (less widely believed) from the Syriac. This table shows changes undergone by t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arab: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab - Who Is An Arab?
The definition of who an Arab is has several aspects: Ethnic identity: someone who considers himself to be an Arab (regardless of racial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Arabic Alphabet - Pre-islamic Arabic Inscriptions
A fair number of Arabian inscriptions survive from the pre-Islamic era, but, very few are in the Arabic alphabet. Some are in the Arabic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Chat Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Chat Alphabet - History
During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become increasingly pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - Phonology
Classical Arabic has 28 consonantal phonemes (including two semi-vowels), originally corresponding to the 28 letters of the Arabic alphab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Transliteration: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Transliteration - Problems
Any transliteration system of Arabic has to make a number of decisions, dependent on its intended field of application. The root of the p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Orthography
The vast majority of modern Persian text is written in a form of the Arabic alphabet. In recent years the Latin alphabet has been used by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Arabic Alphabet - An Innovating Alphabet
The Arabic alphabet's alphabetical order is different from in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Syriac, and Greek alphabets:- (Greek waw = digamma)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Orthography
The vast majority of modern Persian text is written in a form of the Arabic alphabet. In recent years the Latin alphabet has been used by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Languages By Writing System: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Languages By Writing System - Munda Scripts
List of languages by writing system - Sorang Sompeng. Sora List of languages by writing system - Ol Cemet'. Santali List of lang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Chat Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Chat Alphabet - Use
Online communication, such as IRC, bulletin board systems, and blogs, are often run on systems or over protocols which don't support code...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Arabic Alphabet - Early Islamic Changes
In the 7th century AD, the Arabic alphabet is attested in its classical form. See PERF 558 for the first surviving Islamic Arabic writing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Chat Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Chat Alphabet - Comparison Table
Because of the informal nature of this system, there is no single "correct" way, so some character usage overlaps (eg 6, which is used fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arab: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab - History
The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BC, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arab: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab - Religions
Before the coming of Islam, most Arabs followed a religion featuring the worship of a number of deities, including Hubal, Wadd, Al-Lat, M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - Verb
As in many other Semitic languages, Arabic verb formation is based on a (usually) triconsonantal root, which is not a word in itself but ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arab: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab - Traditional Genealogy
Medieval Arab genealogists divided the Arabs into three groups: the "ancient Arabs", tribes that had been destroyed or vanished, such as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Vocabulary
There are many loanwords in the Persian language, mostly coming from Arabic, English, French, and the Turkic languages. Persian has likew...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - History
Old Persian, the main language of the Achaemenid inscriptions, should not be confused with the non-Indo-European Elamite language (see Be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regional Handwriting Variation: Encyclopedia Ii - Regional Handwriting Variation - Arabic Numerals
The numerals used by Western countries have two common forms. "In-line" or "full-height" form is that used on typewriters and taught in N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Phonology
The Persian language has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates /ʧ/ (ch) and /ʤ/ (j). Historically, Persian d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Transliteration: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Transliteration - Transliteration Standards
A table comparing romanizations using DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UN, ALA-LC, and Encyclopaedia of Islam systems is available here: [9...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - Pronoun
A pronominal paradigm consists of 12 forms: In singular and plural, the 2nd and 3rd persons differentiate gender, while the 1st person do...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - History
Due to the rapid expansion of Islam in the 8th century, many people learned Arabic as a lingua franca. For this reason, the earliest gram...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Grammar
Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - History
Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch. Scholars beli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - Numerals
Arabic grammar - Cardinal numerals. Cardinal numerals (al-aʻdād al-aṣliyyat) from 1-10 (zero is ṣifr, from which the English word...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Dialects And Close Languages
Communication is generally mutually intelligible between Iranians, Tajiks, and Persian-speaking Afghans; however, by popular definition: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Language - Nomenclature
Persian, the more widely used name of the language in English, is an Anglicized form derived from Latin *Persianus, < Latin Persia, &l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - Noun
Arabic grammar - State. The Arabic noun can take one of three states of definiteness: definite, indefinite or construct state. The defi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Grammar: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Grammar - Syntax
In Arabic, word order is less important than in English, and more stylistic then semantic. Verbs often start sentences and sometimes come...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coptic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Coptic Language - Writing System
Coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the Greek alphabet, with the addition of a number of additional letters—six in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Muslim Countries: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Muslim Countries - Variations In Arabic
The Arabic language has many different 'branches'. Whether these are to be considered mere dialects or separate languages is a question o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Alphabet - Descendants Of The Semitic Abjad
Most alphabets around the world descend directly from that original Semitic script. The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Arabic Names: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Arabic Names - Maintenance Notes
This list includes any Arabic name that is known to be used as a personal name in any cultural or religious tradition, not exclusively li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albanian Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Albanian Alphabet - History
The modern Latin-based Albanian alphabet was the result of long evolution. Before the creation of the unified Albanian alphabet, Albanian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Alphabet - Graphically Independent Alphabets
The only modern national alphabet that has not been graphically traced back to the Canaanite alphabet is the Maldivian script, which is u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of China - Written
The following languages have traditionally had written forms that do not involve Chinese characters (han zi): The Mongolians - Mongolian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Language - Writing System
Main article: Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety - Nabataean or Syriac - is a matter of s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Language - Writing System
Main article: Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety - Nabataean or Syriac - is a matter of s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatar Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatar Alphabet - Latin Version
The Latin version of the Tatar alphabet contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğ�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatar Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatar Alphabet - History Of Tatar Writing
Before 1928, the Tatar language was usually written using the Arabic alphabet (or, more correctly, Persian alphabet) when it was written ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Alphabet - Description
Both the old Hebrew script and the modern Jewish script have only one case, but in the modern script some letters have special final form...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burmese Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Burmese Alphabet - Digits
A decimal numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as Hindu-Arabic numerals. The numerals from zero to nine ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hindu-arabic Numerals System: Encyclopedia Ii - Hindu-arabic Numerals System - Symbols
Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, all of which evolved from the Brahmi numerals. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Numerals: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Numerals - Description
The numeral system employed, known as Algorism, is positional decimal notation. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Braille: Encyclopedia Ii - Braille - Braille For Other Scripts
There are many extensions of Braille for additional letters with diacritics, such as ç, ô, é. When braille is adapted to languages whi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syriac Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Syriac Alphabet - Forms Of The Syriac Alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kazakh Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Kazakh Language - Writing System
Originally, Kazak was written in the Orkhon script, containing 24 letters. Modern Kazak can be written using modified versions of the Lat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albanian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Albanian Language - Writing System
Albanian has been written with many different alphabets since the 15th century. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written with the Greek a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albanian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Albanian Language - Writing System
Albanian has been written with many different alphabets since the 15th century. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written with the Greek a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Alphabet - History
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatar Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatar Language - Writing System
Tatar has been written in a number of different alphabets. Writing system was legased from Bolgar language, which used Orkhon script befo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syriac Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Syriac Alphabet - Forms Of The Syriac Alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Alphabet - History
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mandinka Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Mandinka Language - Orthography
Latin alphabet and Arabic alphabet-based orthographies are widely used for Mandinka; the former is official, but the latter is more widel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glagolitic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Glagolitic Alphabet - History
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glagolitic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Glagolitic Alphabet - History
Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belarusian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Belarusian Language - Orthography
The Belarusian language was written not only in the Cyrillic alphabet, but previously also in its original Łacinka (лацінка - "La...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Poetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Poetry - Poetic Forms
Poetry in Arabic is traditionally grouped in a diwan or collection of poems. These can be arranged by poet, tribe, topic or the name of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coptic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Coptic Language - Classification
Coptic is a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family and the Egyptian language sub-family. In the Sahidic dialect, the language is know...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jawi: Encyclopedia Ii - Jawi - Introduction
The Jawi alphabet has existed for many centuries in Nusantara (the Malay world). Its development is linked with the arrival of Islam. It ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mozarab: Encyclopedia Ii - Mozarab - Language
During the early stages of Romance languages development in Iberia, a set of romance dialects was spoken in Muslim areas of the Peninsula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A: Encyclopedia Ii - A - History
The letter A probably started as a pictogram of an ox head in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1600 BC, the Phoenic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanization: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanization - Romanization Of Specific Writing Systems
Romanization - Arabic. For more detail, see Arabic transliteration The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Roma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanization: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanization - Romanization Of Specific Writing Systems
Romanization - Arabic. For more detail, see Arabic transliteration The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Roma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coptic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Coptic Language - History
Coptic was predominantly used from its Christian beginnings in the late 2nd century till the time of the Great persecution of Diocletian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Basmala: Encyclopedia Ii - Basmala - Numerology
The total value of the letters of "Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim" according to one Arabic system of numerology is 786. There are two metho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coptic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Coptic Language - Geographic Distribution
Coptic was spoken only in Egypt, and historically has had little influence outside of Egypt proper, with the exception of monasteries loc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ladino Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ladino Language - Orthography
Today, Ladino is most commonly written with the Latin alphabet, especially in Turkey. However, it is still sometimes written in the Hebre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Mizrahi Jews - Language
Many Mizrahi communities existed in Arab countries, and at various times spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects, though these are now ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maltese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Maltese Language - Vocabulary
Maltese vocabulary is a hybrid based on a foundation of Arabic Semitic roots with a heavy borrowing of Sicilian (rather than Tuscan Itali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serbo-croatian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Serbo-croatian Language - Writing Systems
Through history, this language has been written in a number of writing systems: various modifications of the Latin and Greek alphabets. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urdu: Encyclopedia Ii - Urdu - Writing System
Urdu is written in a derivative of the Persian alphabet, which is itself derivative of the Arabic alphabet. Like Semitic Languages, Urdu ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Numerals
There are two kinds of numerals used in Arabic writing; standard numerals and "East Arab" numerals, used in Iran, Pakistan and India. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - History
The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Pho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Arabic Alphabets Of Other Languages
Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide variety of languages other than Arabic, including Persian, Kurdish, Malay and Urdu. Such...   » Read the article