History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 4th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC ...

Including:

• Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order
• Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Primary letters
• Arabic alphabet - Hamza
• Arabic alphabet - Diacritics
• Arabic alphabet - Numerals
• Arabic alphabet - History
• Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia - Arabic alphabet

See also:

Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left and is composed of 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the script for other languages such as Persian and Urdu have additional letters. There is no difference between written and printed letters; the writing is unicase (i.e. the concept of upper and lower case letters does not exist). On the other hand, most of the letters are attached to one another, even when printed, and their appearance changes as a function of whether they connect to preceding or fol ...

See also:

Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet

The following table provides all of the Unicode characters for Arabic, and none of the supplementary letters used for other languages. The transliteration given is the widespread DIN 31635 standard, with some common alternatives. See the article Arabic transliteration for details and various other transliteration schemes. Regarding pronunciation, the phonetic values given are those of the "standard" pronunciation of the fusha language as taught in universities. Actual pronunciation between the varieties of Arabic may vary widely. For more details concerning the pronu ...

See also:

Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet

The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. Arab - Who is an Arab?. The definition of who an Arab is has several aspects: Ethnic identity: someone who considers himself to be an Arab (regardless of racial or ethnic origin) and is recognized as such by others. Linguistic: someone whose first language is Arabic (including any of its varieties); this d ...

Including:

• Arab - Who is an Arab?
• Arab - Religions
• Arab - History
• Arab - Traditional genealogy
• Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia - Arab

History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Due to the fact that the Arabic language has a number of phonemes that have no equivalent in English or other European languages, a number of different transliteration methods have been invented to represent certain Arabic characters, due to various conflicting goals. Arabic transliteration - Problems. Any transliteration system of Arabic has to make a numbe ...

Including:

• Arabic transliteration - Problems
• Arabic transliteration - Transliteration Standards
• Arabic transliteration - Comparison table
• Arabic transliteration - Online

Read more here: » Arabic transliteration: Encyclopedia - Arabic transliteration

Islamic calligraphy is an aspect of Islamic art that has co-evolved alongside the religion of Islam and the Arabic language. Arabic/Persian calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (the Arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions in their work. Instead of recalling something related to the reality of the spoken word, calligraphy for the Muslim is a visible ...

Read more here: » Islamic calligraphy: Encyclopedia - Islamic calligraphy

Arabic is a Semitic language. See Arabic language for more information on the language in general. This article describes the grammar of Classical Arabic. Arabic grammar - History. Due to the rapid expansion of Islam in the 8th century, many people learned Arabic as a lingua franca. For this reason, the earliest grammatical treatises on Arabic are often written by non-native speakers. The earliest grammarian who is known to us is Including:

• Arabic grammar - History
• Arabic grammar - Phonology
• Arabic grammar - Noun
• Arabic grammar - State
• Arabic grammar - Article
• Arabic grammar - Inflection
• Arabic grammar - Gender
• Arabic grammar - Genitive construction Iḍāfa
• Arabic grammar - Nisba
• Arabic grammar - Pronoun
• Arabic grammar - Personal pronouns
• Arabic grammar - Enclitic pronouns
• Arabic grammar - Demonstratives
• Arabic grammar - Numerals
• Arabic grammar - Cardinal numerals
• Arabic grammar - Ordinal numerals
• Arabic grammar - Verb
• Arabic grammar - Perfect
• Arabic grammar - Imperfect
• Arabic grammar - Mood
• Arabic grammar - Voice
• Arabic grammar - Weak verbs
• Arabic grammar - Stem formation
• Arabic grammar - Participle
• Arabic grammar - Infinitive
• Arabic grammar - Syntax

Read more here: » Arabic grammar: Encyclopedia - Arabic grammar

The special Abjad (أبجد ʾabǧad) order of the Arabic alphabet (or two slightly variant orders) was devised by matching an Arabic letter of the fully consonant-dotted 28-letter Arabic alphabet to each of the 22 letters of the Aramaic alphabet (in their old Phoenician alphabe ...

Read more here: » Abjadi order: Encyclopedia - Abjadi order

Arabic numerals is the term usually applied to the "Western" variant of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, commonly used in conjunction with the Latin alphabet since Early Modern times (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9). They are called "Arabic" to contrast with the Roman and Greek systems native to Europe. Arabic numerals - Description. Main articles: Algorism, Including:

• Arabic numerals - Description
• Arabic numerals - History
• Arabic numerals - Origins
• Arabic numerals - West Arabic numerals
• Arabic numerals - Adoption in Europe
• Arabic numerals - Encodings

Read more here: » Arabic numerals: Encyclopedia - Arabic numerals

Alif (ʾalif ﺍ) is the first letter of the Arabic alphabet. Together with Hebrew aleph, Greek alpha and Latin A, it is descended from Phoenician ʾāleph, from Proto-Canaanite < ...

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Aleph or alef has several meanings: Aleph or Alef, first letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. ʾalif is the equivalent letter of the Arabic alphabet. Alef, the concurrent programming language used in early editions of Plan 9; Alef, one of the main protagonists in SEGA's Shining Force;

Read more here: » Aleph: Encyclopedia - Aleph

Qoph is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and and Arabic ق in abjadi order. It represents a hard Q sound at the back of the throat, and became over time the letter Q in the Latin alphabet, and the letter Qoppa in certain early varieties of the Greek alphabet. Other related archivesArabic, Aramaic, Greek alphabet, Hebrew, Latin alphabe

Read more here: » Qoph: Encyclopedia - Qoph

A text in a Romance language is said to be aljamiado if it is written using the Arabic or Hebrew alphabets, as texts written in the Mozarabic or Ladino languages are. In later times, Moriscos lost Arabic as an everyday language, and wrote in Spanish on Islamic subjects. Examples are the Coplas del alhichante (about a hajj) or the Libro de Yuçuf on the Biblical Joseph. In Bosnia, Slavic Muslims wrote their Serbian texts using the Arabic alphabet. Texts in the Arabic script are often written without short vowels, making these texts more difficult to read; for Aljamiado as for Arabic, the r ...

Read more here: » Aljamiado: Encyclopedia - Aljamiado

Aleph (ʾāleph; also spelled Alef) is the first letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic (see alif). Aleph originally expresses the glottal stop (IPA [ʔ]), usually transliterated as ʾ, a symbol based on the Greek spiritus lenis

Read more here: » Aleph letter: Encyclopedia - Aleph letter

Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 4th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC Latin 7th c. BC Runes 2nd c. Gothic 4th c. Armenian 405 Glagolitic 862 Cyril ...

Including:

• Ugaritic alphabet - Origin
• Ugaritic alphabet - Letters
• Ugaritic alphabet - Ugaritic in Unicode
• Ugaritic alphabet - Abecedaries/ ABCDaries
• Ugaritic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Ugaritic alphabet: Encyclopedia - Ugaritic alphabet

Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 The Abjad numerals are a decimal numeral system which was used in the Arabic-speaking world prior to the use of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, which are actually of Indian origin and were spread by Arab and Persian mathematicians in the 9th century AD. In the Abjad system, a smaller subset of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. For example, the first letter of the Arabic alphabe ...

Including:

• Abjad numerals - Uses of the Abjad system
• Abjad numerals - Letter values

Read more here: » Abjad numerals: Encyclopedia - Abjad numerals

Vav, waw, or vau is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic و in abjadi order; it is the twenty-seventh in modern Arabic order. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek digamma (Ϝ, whose name in Greek was probably Ϝ ...

Including:

• Waw letter - External link

Read more here: » Waw letter: Encyclopedia - Waw letter

The Coptic language is the last phase of the Egyptian languages, and is the direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. The Coptic alphabet is written in a slightly modified form of the Greek alphabet, with some letters (which vary from dialect to dialect) deriving directly from demotic. As a living language of daily conversation, Coptic flourished from circa AD 200 to 1100. It survives today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Including:

• Coptic language - Classification
• Coptic language - Geographic distribution
• Coptic language - Official status
• Coptic language - Dialects
• Coptic language - Vocabulary
• Coptic language - Writing system
• Coptic language - History
• Coptic language - Coptic during the early Arabic period 7th to 10th centuries
• Coptic language - Coptic versus Arabic 11th to 14th centuries
• Coptic language - Decline as a spoken language up to the 17th century
• Coptic language - Revival in the 19th century
• Coptic language - Coptic in the 20th century

Read more here: » Coptic language: Encyclopedia - Coptic language

Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples. The system was used in Russia as late as the 1700s when Peter the Great replaced it with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The system was quasi-decimal, based on the Ionian numeral system and written with the corresponding graphemes of the Cyrillic alphabet. A separate letter was assigne ...

Read more here: » Cyrillic numerals: Encyclopedia - Cyrillic numerals