The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BC, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi (Arab land) as among the people he defeated at the Battle of Karkar. Some of the names given in these texts are Aramaic, while others are the first attestations of Proto-Arabic dialects. The Hebrew Bible likewise refers occasionally to peoples called `Arvi (or variants thereof), translated as "Arab" or "Arabian". The scope of the Hebrew term at this early stage is unclear, ...

See also:

Arab, Arab - Who is an Arab?, Arab - Religions, Arab - History, Arab - Traditional genealogy, Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia II - Arab - History

Arabic numerals - Origins. Main article: History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 B.C. use the symbols which became 1, 4 and 6. One century later, their use of the symbols which became 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9 was recorded. The system was adopted by the Arabs in the 8th century. The first certain positional use of zero dates to the 9th century, in an inscription at Gwalior dat ...

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Arabic numerals, Arabic numerals - Description, Arabic numerals - History, Arabic numerals - Origins, Arabic numerals - West Arabic numerals, Arabic numerals - Adoption in Europe, Arabic numerals - Encodings

Read more here: » Arabic numerals: Encyclopedia II - Arabic numerals - History

The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. Arab - Who is an Arab?. The definition of who an Arab is has several aspects: Ethnic identity: someone who considers himself to be an Arab (regardless of racial or ethnic origin) and is recognized as such by others. Linguistic: someone whose first language is Arabic (including any of its varieties); this d ...

Including:

• Arab - Who is an Arab?
• Arab - Religions
• Arab - History
• Arab - Traditional genealogy
• Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia - Arab

Classical Arabic is the form of the Arabic language used in the Qur'an as well as in numerous literary texts from the same period. Modern Standard Arabic is a direct descendant from it, differing minimally in morphology and only to a small degree in its syntax and lexicon. Classical Arabic - The History of Classical Arabic. The spread of Classical Arabic can be attested to the spread of Islam and the Qur'an, and its relation to modern dialects is somewhat analogous to the relationship of Latin ...

Including:

• Classical Arabic - The History of Classical Arabic
• Classical Arabic - Morphology
• Classical Arabic - Phonology
• Classical Arabic - Classical Pronunciation
• Classical Arabic - Bibliography

Read more here: » Classical Arabic: Encyclopedia - Classical Arabic

Arab Christians are people who are ethnically Arab and who follow the religion of Christianity. There are believed to be nearly 9 million Arab Christians in the Arab world and 30-35 million worldwide. The majority of Christian Arabs live in the Middle East where, although Islam is undoubtedly the preponderant religion, significant religious minorities exist in a number of countries. Large numbers of Arab Christians can be found in Egypt, Israel/Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and in emigrant communities in Australia, B ...

Including:

• Arab Christians - History
• Arab Christians - Arab Christians today
• Arab Christians - Identity
• Arab Christians - Doctrine

Read more here: » Arab Christians: Encyclopedia - Arab Christians

Arab music is the music of Arabic-speaking people or countries, especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula.The world of Arab music has long been dominated by Cairo, a cultural center, though musical innovation and regional styles abound from Morocco to Saudi Arabia. Classical Arab music is extremely popular across the population, especially a small number of superstars known throughout the Arab world. Regional styles of popular music include Algerian raï, Moroccan gnawa ...

Including:

• Arab music - Genres
• Arab music - Secular art music
• Arab music - Sacred music
• Arab music - History
• Arab music - Early years
• Arab music - The sixteenth century
• Arab music - Female slaves
• Arab music - Male instrumentalists
• Arab music - The Twentieth century
• Arab music - Source

Read more here: » Arab music: Encyclopedia - Arab music

History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 4th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC ...

Including:

• Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order
• Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Primary letters
• Arabic alphabet - Hamza
• Arabic alphabet - Diacritics
• Arabic alphabet - Numerals
• Arabic alphabet - History
• Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia - Arabic alphabet

Arabic is a Semitic language. See Arabic language for more information on the language in general. This article describes the grammar of Classical Arabic. Arabic grammar - History. Due to the rapid expansion of Islam in the 8th century, many people learned Arabic as a lingua franca. For this reason, the earliest grammatical treatises on Arabic are often written by non-native speakers. The earliest grammarian who is known to us is Including:

• Arabic grammar - History
• Arabic grammar - Phonology
• Arabic grammar - Noun
• Arabic grammar - State
• Arabic grammar - Article
• Arabic grammar - Inflection
• Arabic grammar - Gender
• Arabic grammar - Genitive construction Iḍāfa
• Arabic grammar - Nisba
• Arabic grammar - Pronoun
• Arabic grammar - Personal pronouns
• Arabic grammar - Enclitic pronouns
• Arabic grammar - Demonstratives
• Arabic grammar - Numerals
• Arabic grammar - Cardinal numerals
• Arabic grammar - Ordinal numerals
• Arabic grammar - Verb
• Arabic grammar - Perfect
• Arabic grammar - Imperfect
• Arabic grammar - Mood
• Arabic grammar - Voice
• Arabic grammar - Weak verbs
• Arabic grammar - Stem formation
• Arabic grammar - Participle
• Arabic grammar - Infinitive
• Arabic grammar - Syntax

Read more here: » Arabic grammar: Encyclopedia - Arabic grammar

The Arabs of Khuzestan are the Arabic-speaking or Arab-descended inhabitants of what is now the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Before the 1908 discovery of oil in Khuzestan (See History of Khuzestan), most of the province's inhabitants were settled or semi-nomadic Arabs. The growth of the oil industry, and later Iranian government policies designed to "Persianize" the area, tipped the demographic balance. There was much immigration into the ...

Including:

• Arabs of Khuzestan - History
• Arabs of Khuzestan - Arabization
• Arabs of Khuzestan - Forced Persianization under the Pahlavis
• Arabs of Khuzestan - The Iran-Iraq war
• Arabs of Khuzestan - Contemporary status of the Arabs of Khuzestan

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The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) is a United States non-profit civil rights organization, which describes itself as a "grassroots organization" and is also engaged in lobbying activities. ADC was founded in Washington, DC by U.S. Senator James Abourezk in 1980. The organization maintains to be the largest Arab-American organization of its kind. ADC defines its mission as empowering Arab Americans, defending the civil rights of all people of Arab heritage in the United States, promoting civic participation, encoura ...

Including:

• American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee - History

Read more here: » American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee: Encyclopedia - American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee

Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 The Hindu-Arabic numeral system (also called Algorism) is a positional decimal numeral system documented from the 9th century. An important characteristic of the system is the use of a numeral digit zero. Further enhancements of the system include use of a decimal marker and a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum". The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in p ...

Including:

• Hindu-Arabic numerals system - Positional notation
• Hindu-Arabic numerals system - Symbols
• Hindu-Arabic numerals system - History
• Hindu-Arabic numerals system - Origins
• Hindu-Arabic numerals system - Adoption by the Arabs
• Hindu-Arabic numerals system - Adoption in Europe

Read more here: » Hindu-Arabic numerals system: Encyclopedia - Hindu-Arabic numerals system

The Arab-Israeli conflict is a long-running conflict in the Middle East concerning self-determination of the Jews in the Land of Israel and, after the establishment of the state of Israel, its relations with the Arab states and the Palestinian population (see Israeli-Palestinian conflict.) Some uses of the term Middle East conflict refer to this matter, but the region has been host to other disputes and wars not directly ...

Including:

• Arab-Israeli conflict - History
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Israeli views
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Palestinian and other Arab views
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Mutual claims
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Peace and reconciliation
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Quotations
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Abbreviated timeline

Read more here: » Arab-Israeli conflict: Encyclopedia - Arab-Israeli conflict

The United Arab Emirates (also called the UAE) is an oil-rich Middle Eastern country situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Before 1971, they were known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference of a nineteenth-century truce between the British and some Arab Sheikhs. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia. United Arab Emirates - History. Including:

• United Arab Emirates - History
• United Arab Emirates - Politics
• United Arab Emirates - Federal institutions
• United Arab Emirates - The 7 Emirates and their present rulers
• United Arab Emirates - Economy
• United Arab Emirates - Human rights and labor issues
• United Arab Emirates - Airlines history
• United Arab Emirates - Geography
• United Arab Emirates - Exclaves and enclaves
• United Arab Emirates - Demographics
• United Arab Emirates - Technology and telecommunications
• United Arab Emirates - Culture
• United Arab Emirates - Holidays
• United Arab Emirates - Universities
• United Arab Emirates - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » United Arab Emirates: Encyclopedia - United Arab Emirates

The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Phoenician. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ram (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512. However, the epigraphic record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the ...

See also:

Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - History

Due to the rapid expansion of Islam in the 8th century, many people learned Arabic as a lingua franca. For this reason, the earliest grammatical treatises on Arabic are often written by non-native speakers. The earliest grammarian who is known to us is ʻAbd Allāh ibn Abī Isḥāq (died 735 (117 H)). The efforts of three generations of grammarians culminated in the book of the Persian sc ...

See also:

Arabic grammar, Arabic grammar - History, Arabic grammar - Phonology, Arabic grammar - Noun, Arabic grammar - State, Arabic grammar - Article, Arabic grammar - Inflection, Arabic grammar - Gender, Arabic grammar - Genitive construction Iḍāfa, Arabic grammar - Nisba, Arabic grammar - Pronoun, Arabic grammar - Personal pronouns, Arabic grammar - Enclitic pronouns, Arabic grammar - Demonstratives, Arabic grammar - Numerals, Arabic grammar - Cardinal numerals, Arabic grammar - Ordinal numerals, Arabic grammar - Verb, Arabic grammar - Perfect, Arabic grammar - Imperfect, Arabic grammar - Mood, Arabic grammar - Voice, Arabic grammar - Weak verbs, Arabic grammar - Stem formation, Arabic grammar - Participle, Arabic grammar - Infinitive, Arabic grammar - Syntax

Read more here: » Arabic grammar: Encyclopedia II - Arabic grammar - History

Throughout many eras of history, Arab Christians have co-existed fairly peacefully with followers of the other religions of the Middle East (principally Islam and Judaism). Even after the rapid expansion of Islam from the 7th century AD onwards, many Christians chose not to convert to Islam and instead maintain their pre-existing beliefs. As "People of the Book", Christians in the region are accorded certain rights by theoretical Islamic law (Shari`ah) to practice their religion free from interference or persecution (within certain restricti ...

See also:

Arab Christians, Arab Christians - History, Arab Christians - Arab Christians today, Arab Christians - Identity, Arab Christians - Doctrine

Read more here: » Arab Christians: Encyclopedia II - Arab Christians - History

Arab music - Early years. By the 11th century, Moorish Spain was a centre for the manufacture of instruments. These spread gradually through France, influencing French troubadours and reaching the rest of Europe. The English words lute, rebec, guitar, organ and naker are derived from Arabic oud, rabab, qitara, urghun and nagqara'. al-Ghazali (1059 - 1111) wrote a treatise on music in Persia, including the words "Ecstasy means the state that comes from listening to music". The oud was popular between the tenth and sixteenth centuries then fell into disuse, but re-emerged in the nineteenth century. The Per ...

See also:

Arab music, Arab music - Genres, Arab music - Secular art music, Arab music - Sacred music, Arab music - History, Arab music - Early years, Arab music - The sixteenth century, Arab music - Female slaves, Arab music - Male instrumentalists, Arab music - The Twentieth century, Arab music - Source

Read more here: » Arab music: Encyclopedia II - Arab music - History

Khuzestan was a part of the Elamite Empire for many centuries. Its inhabitants spoke the Elamite language, which was neither Indo-European, as is the Persian language, nor Semitic, as is Arabic. After Elam was assimilated into the Achaemenid Iran, it is believed that the Elamites were slowly Persianized. It is not at all clear how long or how much of the Elamite language and customs survived. There may also have been some Arab influences and immigration, from the client state of the Ar ...

See also:

Arabs of Khuzestan, Arabs of Khuzestan - History, Arabs of Khuzestan - Arabization, Arabs of Khuzestan - Forced Persianization under the Pahlavis, Arabs of Khuzestan - The Iran-Iraq war, Arabs of Khuzestan - Contemporary status of the Arabs of Khuzestan

Read more here: » Arabs of Khuzestan: Encyclopedia II - Arabs of Khuzestan - History

A fair number of Arabian inscriptions survive from the pre-Islamic era, but, very few are in the Arabic alphabet. Some are in the Arabic language, or its closest relatives including:- The Thamudic, Lihyanic, and Safaitic inscriptions in the north. The Epigraphic South Arabian (Sabaean, Himyaritic, etc.) inscriptions in the south. Both of these are in variants of the South Arabian musnad alphabet. Nabataean inscriptions in Aramaic and Arabic. Inscriptions in other languages, such as ...

See also:

History of the Arabic alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Archaic model, History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins, History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions, History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes, History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages

Read more here: » History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions