Encyclopedia - Antonio Gramsci: Encyclopedia - Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, leader and theorist of Socialism, Communism and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antonio Gramsci: Encyclopedia Ii - Antonio Gramsci - Thought
Gramsci wrote more than 30 notebooks of history and analysis during his imprisonment. These writings, known as the Prison Notebooks, cont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Sense: Encyclopedia - Common Sense
One meaning of the term common sense (or as an adjective, commonsense) on a strict construction of the term, is what people in common wou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the presti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Lukács - Life And Politics
Lukács's full name, in German, was Georg Bernhard Lukács von Szegedin, and in Hungarian was Szegedi Lukács György Bernát; he publish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Thought
Althusser's earlier works include the influential volume Reading Capital, which collects the work of Althusser and his students on an int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Sense: Encyclopedia Ii - Common Sense - Philosophy And Common Sense
There are two general meanings to the term "common sense" in philosophy. One is a sense that is common to the others, and the other meani...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformism - Reformism In The United Kingdom's Labour Party
The term was applied to elements within the United Kingdom Labour Party in the 1950s and subsequently, on the party's right. Anthony Cros...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Hegemony: Encyclopedia - Cultural Hegemony
Cultural hegemony is the concept that a diverse culture can be ruled or dominated by one group or class, that everyday practices and shar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Philosophers: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Philosophers - Notes
Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Articulation Sociology: Encyclopedia - Articulation Sociology
In sociology, articulation labels the process by which particular classes appropriate cultural forms and practices for their own use. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-fascism: Encyclopedia - Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of fascism. Typically, anti-fascism also includes opposing homophobia, sexism...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 20th-century Philosophy: Encyclopedia - 20th-century Philosophy
The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within philosophy over the basis of knowled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benedetto Croce: Encyclopedia - Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce (February 25, 1866 - November 20, 1952) was an Italian critic, idealist philosopher, and political figure. He wrote on nu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Discourse Analysis: Encyclopedia - Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of texts, which views "language as a form of social pract...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Materialism: Encyclopedia - Cultural Materialism
Cultural materialism is an anthropological research paradigm championed most notably by Marvin Harris. As a theoretical orientation withi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Geography: Encyclopedia - Cultural Geography
Cultural Geography is the study of natural and man-made representations on our society. This is a very terse description and by no means ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Biographical Information
Louis Althusser - Early Life. Althusser wrote two autobiographies, L'Avenir dure longtemps, or "The Future Lasts a Long Time," which is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Lukács - Work
more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. Written between 1919 and 1922 and first published in 1923, History an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimism: Encyclopedia - Optimism
Optimism, the opposite of pessimism, exemplifies a lifeview where one looks upon the world as a positive place. Optimists generally belie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia - Anthropology
Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Lukács - Work
more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. Written between 1919 and 1922 and first published in 1923, History an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Lukács - Work
more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. History and Class Consciousness was a major contribution to the Marxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Sense: Encyclopedia Ii - Common Sense - Other Uses
Common sense is sometimes regarded as an impediment to abstract and even logical thinking. This is especially the case in mathematics and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Sociology: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Sociology - Theories Of Power
The thought of Friedrich Nietzsche underlies much 20th century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the "will to power," wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Left: Encyclopedia Ii - New Left - The American New Left
In the United States, the "New Left" was the name loosely associated with a radical political movement that took place during the 1960s, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linguistic Imperialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Linguistic Imperialism - Criticism And Counter-attack
Linguistic imperialism - The critics. Many scholars have participated in lively (not to say heated) discussions of Phillipson’s claim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Workers Party: Encyclopedia Ii - International Workers Party - Origins
The history of the IWP is itself controversial. The article below reflects both critics and supporters of Fred Newman, Lenora Fulani and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Social Constructionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Social Constructionism - Degrees Of Social Construction
Though social constructionism contains a diverse array of theories and beliefs, it can generally be divided into two camps: Weak social c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism And Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism And Ideology - Fascism Nazism Socialism Collectivism And Corporatism
Italian Fascism clearly had roots in socialist circles, and Nazism is an abbreviation for "National Socialist German Workers Party", and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Italian Fascism
Fascism - Early history. Main article: Fascio Etymologically, the use of the word Fascism in modern Italian political history stretch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foreign Policy: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Policy - Theory
Foreign policy has been studied and analyzed for centuries, and to this day there are many different philosophical understandings of how ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Italian Fascism
Fascism - Early history. Main article: Fascio Etymologically, the use of the word Fascism in modern Italian political history stretch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Pedagogy: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Pedagogy - Examples
Critical pedagogy - Literature. Famous authors of critical pedagogy texts include Paulo Freire, Henry Giroux, bell hooks, and Peter McL...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turin: Encyclopedia Ii - Turin - Law And Government
Sergio Chiamparino currently serves as the mayor of Turin, who is elected directly by citizens every 5 years. He belongs to the center-le...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - The Analysis Of Ideology
Meta-ideology is the study of the structure, form, and manifestation of ideologies. Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherent syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Italians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Italians - Artists
see also: List of Italian painters Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), architect Fra Angelico (1387-1445), (Giovanni da Fiesole) Baccio D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Hegemonies In History
The word "hegemon" originated in ancient Greece, and derives from the word hegeisthai (meaning "to lead"). An early example of hegemony d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Politics Of Anthropology
Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political proble...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turin: Encyclopedia Ii - Turin - Economy
Nowadays the city is a major industrial centre, known particularly as home to the headquarters and main production lines of the car compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Political Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Political Philosophy - History Of Political Philosophy
Political philosophy - The classical period. Political philosophy most broadly concerns the nature and forms of power; more specificall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norman Fairclough: Encyclopedia Ii - Norman Fairclough - Publications
Norman Fairclough - Books. Fairclough, Norman (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman. Fairclough, Norman (1995). Media Discourse....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - The Analysis Of Ideology
Meta-ideology is the study of the structure, form, and manifestation of ideologies. Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherant syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Communist Party Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - New Communist Party Of Britain - Crisis Within The Cpgb
Divisions within the CPGB had emerged following the Soviet intervention to quell the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and the subsequent moves ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Hegemonies In History
The word "hegemon" originated in ancient Greece, and derives from the word hegeisthai (meaning "to lead"). An early example of hegemony d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superstructure: Encyclopedia Ii - Superstructure - Marxist Concept
Within Marxist social theory, superstructure is the particular form through which human subjectivity engages with the material substance ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scritti Politti: Encyclopedia Ii - Scritti Politti - Career
'Skank Bloc Bologna' picked up airplay on John Peel's influential new music show, and the band were signed to Rough Trade records under G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Determinism: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Determinism - Criticism Of The Concept
Other Marxists and Marx-scholars - including György Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Maurice Godelier, Franz Jakubowski, Edwar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Marxist Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Marxist Philosophy - Marxism And Philosophy
The philosopher Étienne Balibar wrote in a 1993 introductory text that "there is no Marxist philosophy and there never will be; on the o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Politics Of Anthropology
Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political proble...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Johnson Cult: Encyclopedia Ii - Johnson Cult - Symbolic Aspect
What the outsiders and non-cultist expected to be the causes and goals of the Johnson cult was in fact, not what the cult was really abou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lost Generation: Encyclopedia Ii - Lost Generation - Celebrities
Sample members of the Lost Generation include the following: 1883 Elsa Maxwell (died 1963) 1884 Damon Runyon (died 1946) 1885 Sinclair L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Sociology: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Sociology - Theories Of Power
The thought of Friedrich Nietzsche underlies much 20th century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the "will to power," wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karl Marx: Encyclopedia Ii - Karl Marx - Biography
Karl Marx - Early life. Karl Marx was born into a progressive and wealthy Jewish family in Trier, Prussia. His father Herschel, descend...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Fascism As An International Phenomenon
It is often a matter of dispute whether a certain government is to be characterized as fascist, authoritarian, totalitarian, or a police ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Theories Of Hegemony
Theories of hegemony attempt to explain how dominant groups or individuals (known as hegemons) can maintain their power -- the capacity o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superstructure: Encyclopedia Ii - Superstructure - Sociological Concept
In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turin: Encyclopedia Ii - Turin - Economy
Nowadays the city is a major industrial centre, known particularly as home to the headquarters and main production lines of the car compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Fascism And Sexuality
There has also been a revival of interest in recent times, among many academic historians, with regard to the profound cult of masculinit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Fascism And Religion
Some expressions of fascism have been closely linked with religious political movements. This combination is referred to as Clerical fasc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scritti Politti: Encyclopedia Ii - Scritti Politti - Discography
Singles "Skank Bloc Bologna" (1978) "2nd Peel Session" (1979) "4 A-Sides" (1979) "The Sweetest Girl" (1981) UK #64 "Faithless" (1982) UK...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Nazism And Fascism
The extent and nature of the affinity between Fascism and Nazism has been the subject of much academic debate. Although the modern consen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Anti-communism
Fascism and Communism are political systems that rose to prominence after World War I. Historians of the period between World War I and W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Sociology: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Sociology - Analysis And Operation Of Power
Power manifests itself in a relational manner: one cannot meaningfully say that a particular social actor "has power" without also specif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Definition
Many diverse regimes have self-identified as fascist, and defining fascism has proved complicated and contentious. Historians, political ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - History Of The Concept Of Ideology
Perhaps the most accessible source for the original meaning of "ideology" is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (first volume of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Communist Party Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - New Communist Party Of Britain - The New Communist Party
Sid French became the first General Secretary of the NCP and Surrey became its strongest area. The first national chairman was Joe Parker...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Communist Party Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - New Communist Party Of Britain - Ideology
The NCP began to internally criticise the Soviet Gorbachev leadership in 1988 and following the collapse of the Soviet Union the party es...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Workers Party: Encyclopedia Ii - International Workers Party - Ideas And Practices
The IWP considers itself a revolutionary organization which fuses Leninist vanguardism with Newman's theories. Newman believes that every...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Workers Party: Encyclopedia Ii - International Workers Party - After The 1970s
Newman and his followers created an array of public organizations of which the most important were the New Alliance Party (NAP), an elect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linguistic Imperialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Linguistic Imperialism - Language Imperialism
Linguistic imperialism - English language imperialism. Phillipson defines English linguistic imperialism as: "the dominance asserted a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Social Constructionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Social Constructionism - The Anatomy Of A Social Constructionist Analysis
"Social construction" may mean many things to many people. Hacking, having examined a wide range of books and articles with titles of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norman Fairclough: Encyclopedia Ii - Norman Fairclough - Methodology Of Cda
Fairclough's line of study, also called textually oriented discourse analysis or TODA, to distinguish it from philosophical enquires not ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - Political Ideologies
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical, set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Resistance And Survival
Conrad Phillip Kottak, in Window on Humanity (2004), explains hegemony in terms of ideologies that offer explanations about why the exist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Geography Of Hegemonies
Geopolitics influences hegemonies. Ancient hegemonies developed in fertile river valleys (an example of hydraulic despotism): Egypt, Chin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - Ideology In Everyday Society
In public discussions, some ideas seem to arise more commonly than others. Indeed, often completely separate people may be found to think...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Definition
Many diverse regimes have self-identified as fascist, and defining fascism has proved complicated and contentious. Historians, political ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scritti Politti: Encyclopedia Ii - Scritti Politti - Formation
Gartside was born Paul Julian Strohmeyer (22 June 1955, Cardiff, Wales[1]) He studied fine arts at Leeds Polytechnic. The Sex Pistols Ana...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scritti Politti: Encyclopedia Ii - Scritti Politti - Legacy
Stylistically, Scritti Politti's work moved from radical post-punk to smooth, highly-polished 1980s power pop, and in their latest work a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Social Constructionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Social Constructionism - Early Precursors To Social Constructionism
In the tradition of sociology of knowledge, what seems real to members of a social class arises from the situation of the class, such as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - History Of The Concept Of Ideology
Perhaps the most accessible source for the original meaning of "ideology" is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (first volume of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - Ideology In Everyday Society
In public discussions, some ideas seem to arise more commonly than others. Indeed, often completely separate people may be found to think...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Resistance And Survival
Conrad Phillip Kottak, in Window on Humanity (2004), explains hegemony in terms of ideologies that offer explanations about why the exist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Geography Of Hegemonies
Geopolitics influences hegemonies. Ancient hegemonies developed in fertile river valleys (an example of hydraulic despotism): Egypt, Chin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - Political Ideologies
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical, set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Johnson Cult: Encyclopedia Ii - Johnson Cult - History
Papua New Guinea was divided into German and English territories when it was first colonized in the 1870s. Germany ruled northern New Gui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Left: Encyclopedia Ii - New Left - Origins
World War II severely disrupted operations of established communist parties in the United States and Western Europe. Political repression...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karl Marx: Encyclopedia Ii - Karl Marx - Criticisms
Many proponents of capitalism have argued that capitalism is a more effective means of generating and redistributing wealth than socialis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karl Marx: Encyclopedia Ii - Karl Marx - Marx's Influence
See also: Marxism Marx and Engels' work covers a wide range of topics and presents a complex analysis of history and society in terms of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hegemony: Encyclopedia Ii - Hegemony - Theories Of Hegemony
Theories of hegemony attempt to explain how dominant groups or individuals (known as hegemons) can maintain their power -- the capacity o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Fascism And Feminism
There has also been a revival of interest in recent times, among many academic historians, with regard to the profound cult of masculinit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Anthropology In France
Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions. Most commentators consider Marcel Mauss to be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Anthropology In Britain
Whereas Boas picked his opponents to pieces through attention to detail, in Britain modern anthropology was formed by rejecting historica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Anthropology In The U.s.
Anthropology in the United States was pioneered by staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Amer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Historical And Institutional Context
The anthropologist Eric Wolf once characterized anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropology: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropology - Anthropology After World War Two
Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. It was after the war that ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Nazism And Fascism
The extent and nature of the affinity between Fascism and Nazism has been the subject of much academic debate. Although the modern consen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Fascism As An International Phenomenon
It is often a matter of dispute whether a certain government is to be characterized as fascist, authoritarian, totalitarian, or a police ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Fascism And Religion
Some expressions of fascism have been closely linked with religious political movements. This combination is referred to as Clerical fasc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - Fascism - Anti-communism
Fascism and Communism are political systems that rose to prominence after World War I. Historians of the period between World War I and W...   » Read the article