Antonio Gramsci (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, leader and theorist of Socialism, Communism and Anti-Fascism. Antonio Gramsci - Life. Gramsci was born in Ales, Italy, on the island of Sardinia, a relatively remote region of Italy that was mostly ignored by the Italian government in favor of the industrialized North. He was the fourth of seven sons of Francesco Gramsci. His father's family was Arbëreshë and probably the family name was related to Gramsh, an Albanian ...

Including:

• Antonio Gramsci - Life
• Antonio Gramsci - Thought
• Antonio Gramsci - Hegemony
• Antonio Gramsci - Intellectuals and Education
• Antonio Gramsci - State and Civil Society
• Antonio Gramsci - Historicism
• Antonio Gramsci - Critique of 'Economism'
• Antonio Gramsci - Critique of Materialism
• Antonio Gramsci - Influence
• Antonio Gramsci - Sources

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Gramsci wrote more than 30 notebooks of history and analysis during his imprisonment. These writings, known as the Prison Notebooks, contain Gramsci's tracing of Italian history and nationalism, as well as some ideas in Marxist theory, critical theory and educational theory associated with his name, such as: Cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining the capitalist state The need for popular workers' education to encourage development of intellectuals from the working class. The distinction between poli ...

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Antonio Gramsci, Antonio Gramsci - Life, Antonio Gramsci - Thought, Antonio Gramsci - Hegemony, Antonio Gramsci - Intellectuals and Education, Antonio Gramsci - State and Civil Society, Antonio Gramsci - Historicism, Antonio Gramsci - Critique of 'Economism', Antonio Gramsci - Critique of Materialism, Antonio Gramsci - Influence, Antonio Gramsci - Sources

Read more here: » Antonio Gramsci: Encyclopedia II - Antonio Gramsci - Thought

One meaning of the term common sense (or as an adjective, commonsense) on a strict construction of the term, is what people in common would agree; that which they "sense" in common as their common natural understanding. Some use the phrase to refer to beliefs or propositions that in their opinion they consider would in most people's experience be prudent and of sound judgment, without dependence upon esoteric knowledge or study or research, but based upon what is believed to be knowledge held by people "in common". The knowledg ...

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• Common sense - Philosophy and common sense
• Common sense - Other uses
• Common sense - Projects to collect common sense

Read more here: » Common sense: Encyclopedia - Common sense

Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. He was a leading academic proponent of the French Communist Party and his arguments were a response to multiple threats to the ideological foundations of that socialist project. These included both the threat from an empiricism which was beginning to invade Marxist sociology and economics, and a threa ...

Including:

• Louis Althusser - Biographical information
• Louis Althusser - Early Life
• Louis Althusser - Health
• Louis Althusser - Post-War
• Louis Althusser - 1980s
• Louis Althusser - Thought
• Louis Althusser - The 'Epistemological Break'
• Louis Althusser - Practices
• Louis Althusser - Contradiction and Overdetermination
• Louis Althusser - Ideological State Apparatuses
• Louis Althusser - Influence

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Althusser's earlier works include the influential volume Reading Capital, which collects the work of Althusser and his students on an intensive philosophical re-reading of Marx's Capital. The book reflects on the philosophical status of Marxist theory as "critique of political economy," and on its object. The current English edition of this work includes only the essays of Althusser and Étienne Balibar, while the original French edition contains additional contributions from Jacques Ranciere and Pierre Macherey, among others. ...

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Louis Althusser, Louis Althusser - Biographical information, Louis Althusser - Early Life, Louis Althusser - Health, Louis Althusser - Post-War, Louis Althusser - 1980s, Louis Althusser - Thought, Louis Althusser - The 'Epistemological Break', Louis Althusser - Practices, Louis Althusser - Contradiction and Overdetermination, Louis Althusser - Ideological State Apparatuses, Louis Althusser - Influence

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The term was applied to elements within the United Kingdom Labour Party in the 1950s and subsequently, on the party's right. Anthony Crosland wrote The Future of Socialism (1956) as a personal manifesto arguing for a reformulation of the term. For Crosland, the relevance of Nationalization (or Public ownership) for socialists was much reduced as a consequence of contemporary full employment, Keynsian management of the ecoonomy and reduced captalist exploitation. In 1960, after the third successive defeat of his party in the 1959 General Election Hugh Gaitskell attempted to reformulate the origina ...

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Reformism, Reformism - Reformism in the United Kingdom's Labour Party

Read more here: » Reformism: Encyclopedia II - Reformism - Reformism in the United Kingdom's Labour Party

There are two general meanings to the term "common sense" in philosophy. One is a sense that is common to the others, and the other meaning is a sense of things that is common to humanity. The first meaning was proposed by John Locke in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,. This interpretation is based on phenomenological experience. Each of the senses gives input, and then these must be integrated into a single impression. This is the common sense, the sense of things in common between disparate impressions. It is ther ...

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Common sense, Common sense - Philosophy and common sense, Common sense - Other uses, Common sense - Projects to collect common sense

Read more here: » Common sense: Encyclopedia II - Common sense - Philosophy and common sense

Lukács's full name, in German, was Georg Bernhard Lukács von Szegedin, and in Hungarian was Szegedi Lukács György Bernát; he published under the names Georg or György Lukács. (Lukács is pronounced IPA [lukɑtʃ] by most English speakers.) He was born Löwinger György Bernát in Budapest to József Löwinger (Szegedi Lukács József, b. Szeged) (1855–1928), a banker, and Adele Wertheimer (Wertheimer Adél, b. Budapest) (1860–1917). < ...

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Georg Lukács, Georg Lukács - Life and politics, Georg Lukács - Pre-Marxist period, Georg Lukács - Communist leader, Georg Lukács - Questions of moral culpability under Rákosism / Stalinism, Georg Lukács - De-Stalinisation, Georg Lukács - Work, Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness, Georg Lukács - Literary and aesthetic work

Read more here: » Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia II - Georg Lukács - Life and politics

Anti-fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of fascism. Typically, anti-fascism also includes opposing homophobia, sexism, racism and the restriction of civil liberties. While violent or militant anti-fascism does occur, the movement can also be non-violent; being an anti-fascist is not necessarily to "fight" fascism with violence, and many antifa activists consider it to be no better than the fascists themselves. An anti-fascist is one who opposes fascism, and/or engages in anti-fascist direct action. The term antifa is a commonly used word for anti-fascist action. Many major resistan ...

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• Anti-fascism - Anti-fascists
• Anti-fascism - Anti-fascist organisations

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The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within philosophy over the basis of knowledge and the validity of various absolutes. With classical certainties thought to be overthrown, and new social, economic, scientific, ethical, and logical problems, 20th-century philosophy was set for a series of attempts variously to reform, preserve, alter, abolish, previously conceived limits. Philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and epistemology furthered seemingly antagonistic tenden ...

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• 20th-century philosophy - List of philosophers
• 20th-century philosophy - Philosophical schools and tendencies
• 20th-century philosophy - Quasi-philosophical or politically-philosophical movements schools and tendencies

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Cultural materialism is an anthropological research paradigm championed most notably by Marvin Harris. As a theoretical orientation within the discipline of anthropology, it grows out of and reflects the influence of earlier positions, especially Marxist anthropology or political economy and cultural ecology. From political economy it adopts not only its characteristic materialism, but also the central concept of the mode of production, while from cultural ecology comes an emphasis upon the study of the rela ...

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Benedetto Croce (February 25, 1866 - November 20, 1952) was an Italian critic, idealist philosopher, and political figure. He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy of history and aesthetics, and was a prominent liberal. His influence on Antonio Gramsci is quite notable. Benedetto Croce - Biography. Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzi region of Italy. He came from an influential and wealthy family, and was raised in a very strict Catholic environment. Around the age of 18, he turned away f ...

Including:

• Benedetto Croce - Biography
• Benedetto Croce - The Philosophy of Spirit
• Benedetto Croce - History
• Benedetto Croce - Beauty
• Benedetto Croce - Selected Bibliography

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Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of texts, which views "language as a form of social practice" (Fairclough 1989: 20) and attempts "to unpack the ideological underpinnings of discourse that have become so naturalized over time that we begin to treat them as common, acceptable and natural features of discourse" (Teo 2000). Norman Fairclough's books, Language and Power (1989) and Critical Discourse Analysis (1995), articulate a three-dimensional framework for stud ...

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Cultural Geography is the study of natural and man-made representations on our society. This is a very terse description and by no means complete. To attend a greater feel of the subject the following terms and brief definitions are provided below. Political Theory of Culture (p 14): understanding culture in a manner seeing politics, economics, and society as concerned with the material relations of society and culture with the symbolic - looking at the total way of life. Culture (p 14): a wa

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In sociology, articulation labels the process by which particular classes appropriate cultural forms and practices for their own use. The term appears to have originated from the work of Antonio Gramsci, specifically from his conception of superstructure. Mouffe (1979), Hall (1981), and others have adopted or used it. (Middleton 1990, p.8) In this theory, cultural forms and practices (Gramsci's superstructure and Richard Middleton's instance or level of practice) have relative autonomy; socio-economi ...

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• Articulation sociology - Source

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Optimism, the opposite of pessimism, exemplifies a lifeview where one looks upon the world as a positive place. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good. They have a so-called "positive" outlook on life, believing that things will work out in the end. A common conundrum illustrates optimism versus pessimism with the question, does one regard a given glass of water as half full or as half empty? Conventional wisdom expects optimists to reply with half full an ...

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more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. Written between 1919 and 1922 and first published in 1923, History and Class Consciousness initiated the current of thought that came to be known as Western Marxism. The book is notable for making great contributions to debates concerning Marxism and its relation to sociology, politics and philosophy, and for reconstructing Marx's theory of alienation before many of the works of the Young Marx had been published. Lukács's work elaborates and expands upon Marxist theories such as ideology, false consciousness ...

See also:

Georg Lukács, Georg Lukács - Life and politics, Georg Lukács - Pre-Marxist period, Georg Lukács - Communist leader, Georg Lukács - Questions of moral culpability under Rákosism / Stalinism, Georg Lukács - De-Stalinisation, Georg Lukács - Work, Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness, Georg Lukács - Literary and aesthetic work

Read more here: » Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia II - Georg Lukács - Work

more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. Written between 1919 and 1922 and first published in 1923, History and Class Consciousness initiated the current of thought that came to be known as Western Marxism. The book is notable for contributing to debates concerning Marxism and its relation to sociology, politics and philosophy, and for reconstructing Marx's theory of alienation before many of the works of the Young Marx had been published. Lukács's work elaborates and expands upon Marxist theories such as ideology, false consciousness ...

See also:

Georg Lukács, Georg Lukács - Life and politics, Georg Lukács - Pre-Marxist period, Georg Lukács - Communist leader, Georg Lukács - Questions of moral culpability under Rákosism / Stalinism, Georg Lukács - De-Stalinisation, Georg Lukács - Work, Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness, Georg Lukács - Literary and aesthetic work

Read more here: » Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia II - Georg Lukács - Work

more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. History and Class Consciousness was a major contribution to the Marxist theory of ideology and false consciousness. This book develops the concept of class consciousness and insists that "ideology" is really a projection of the class consciousness of the bourgeoisie, which functions to prevent the proletariat from attaining a real consciousness of its revolutionary position. Lukács presents the category of reification w ...

See also:

Georg Lukács, Georg Lukács - Life and politics, Georg Lukács - Pre-Marxist period, Georg Lukács - Communist leader, Georg Lukács - Questions of moral culpability under Rákosism / Stalinism, Georg Lukács - De-Stalinisation, Georg Lukács - Work, Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness, Georg Lukács - Literary and aesthetic work

Read more here: » Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia II - Georg Lukács - Work

Common sense is sometimes regarded as an impediment to abstract and even logical thinking. This is especially the case in mathematics and physics, where human intuition often conflicts with provably correct or experimentally verified results. A definition attributed to Albert Einstein states: "Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen." Common sense is sometimes appealed to in political debates, particularly when other arguments have been exhausted. Civil rights for African Americans, women's suffrage, and ...

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Common sense, Common sense - Philosophy and common sense, Common sense - Other uses, Common sense - Projects to collect common sense

Read more here: » Common sense: Encyclopedia II - Common sense - Other uses