Antonine Wall - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Antonine Wall: Encyclopedia - Antonine Wall
The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the central belt of Scotland. Construction of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caledonians: Encyclopedia Ii - Caledonians - The History Of The Caledonians From The Roman Perspective
In AD 83 or 84, led by Calgacus, the Caledonians' defeat at the hands of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at Mons Graupius is recorded by Tacitus. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadrian's Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadrian's Wall - Construction
Construction started in 122 and was largely completed within ten years, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions parti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Britannia: Encyclopedia - Britannia
Britannia was originally the Latin name that the Roman Empire gave to the southern part of the island of Great Britain, and has become a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sod: Encyclopedia - Sod
Sod is grass turf and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of this material. Some sod is grown agricult...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antoninus Pius: Encyclopedia - Antoninus Pius
Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86–March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the four...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia - British Military History
By chronology Prehistoric Britain Iron Age Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval Britain Early Modern Britain Modern Britain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Valentinian I: Encyclopedia - Valentinian I
Valentinian I (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364 - 375). He was born at Cibalis, in Pannonia, the son of a successful gene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall
A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Limes: Encyclopedia - Limes
A limes is a Roman wall marking the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The most notable examples of limes are: Hadrian's Wall Antonine Wall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadrian's Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian
Hadrian's Wall was built following a visit by Roman emperor Hadrian. Hadrian was experiencing military difficulties not just in Britain, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caledonia: Encyclopedia - Caledonia
Caledonia is an old Latin name (given by the Roman Empire) for a northern area of the island of Great Britain. In some contexts it may me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadrian's Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian
In the months after Hadrian's death in 138, the new emperor, Antoninus Pius essentially abandoned the wall, though leaving it occupied in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadrian's Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadrian's Wall - Garrison
The wall was garrisoned by auxiliary (i.e., non-legionary) units of the army (non-citizens). Their numbers fluctuated throughout the occu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadrian's Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadrian's Wall - In Fiction
Hadrian's Wall featured extensively in the movie King Arthur (2004) to offer a newer, freshened version of the Arthur mythos. They were g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caledonians: Encyclopedia Ii - Caledonians - Archaeological Evidence
There is little direct evidence of a Caledonian archaeological culture but it is possible to describe the settlements in their territory ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 184: Encyclopedia - 184
184 - Events. The Yellow Turban Rebellion breaks out in China. Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and start of Zhongping era of the Chines...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 144: Encyclopedia - 144
144 - Events. Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Polycarpus II to Patriarch Athendodorus Change of era name from Han...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 142: Encyclopedia - 142
142 - Events. Construction of the Antonine Wall began in Scotland. First year of the Hanan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty 142 - Birt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bearsden: Encyclopedia Ii - Bearsden - Transport Links And Physical Layout
Bearsden can be accessed by rail to Bearsden, Westerton or Hillfoot stations. It can also be accessed by road, of which the main routes a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tartan: Encyclopedia Ii - Tartan - Origins
Jade figurines wearing tartan hats were found in China, dating back to 3,500 BC or earlier. The Celts wore coats set with a pattern of ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Encounters
British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - The Conquest Continued
Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went, going as least as far as Exeter and probably reaching B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legio Vi Victrix: Encyclopedia Ii - Legio Vi Victrix - Vi Victrix In Britain
In 119, Hadrian relocated the legion to northern Britannia, to assist the already present legions in quelling the resistance there. Victr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Encounters
British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Kingdom Of Alba Or Scotia
Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I. King Domnall II was the first man to have been called rí A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hunterian Museum And Art Gallery: Encyclopedia Ii - Hunterian Museum And Art Gallery - The Museum And Gallery's Current Facilites
The collections of the museum distributed across a number of buildings around the campus: Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery - The Hunteri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Northumberland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Northumberland - Northumbria And The Anglian Kingdoms
Conquests by Anglian invaders led to the establishment of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. The first Anglian settlement was effected i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Defensive Wall - Composition
At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Decline Of Industry And The Post-war Period
Glasgow did not escape the effects of the Great Depression. But the period after the second world war saw the greatest decline in its ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cumbernauld: Encyclopedia Ii - Cumbernauld - History
Its history stretches to Roman times, with a settlement near the Antonine Wall. A rural population grew in the area where Cumbernauld's h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Occupation And Retreat From Southern Scotland
There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archae...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Britannia: Encyclopedia Ii - Britannia - British Revival
Britannia remained the Latin name for Great Britain, but after the fall of the Roman Empire it had lost most symbolic meaning until the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Encounters
British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Defensive Wall - Composition
At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sod: Encyclopedia Ii - Sod - As A Building Material
Sod has occasionally been cut out in blocks to use as a building material, especially in grasslands where grass is plentiful and few othe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Prehistoric Settlement
For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - National Identity
In this period, the word Scot was not the word used by vast majority of Scots to describe themselves. This was in fact only the word they...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hunterian Museum And Art Gallery: Encyclopedia Ii - Hunterian Museum And Art Gallery - The History Of The Museum
The museum first opened in 1807, in a specially constructed building off the High Street, adjoining the original campus of the University...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Britannia: Encyclopedia Ii - Britannia - Namesakes
Today Britannia lives on in British symbols and British patriotism such as: Britannia silver, a high-grade alloy of silver introduced in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Outsiders View
The Irish thought of Scotland as a provincial place. Others thought of it as a outlandish or barbaric place. To the Holy Roman Emperor Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 Bc
In 54 BC, Caesar returned with a larger force. According to some Caesar's own account the fleet comprised some 800 ships, many of which w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 Bc
In 55 BC, Julius Caesar landed on the coast, perhaps in what was intended as a reconnaissance mission. During his campaigns in Gaul, as r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Northumberland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Northumberland - Union And Civil War
After uniting the English and Scottish thrones, James VI and I sharply curbed the lawlessness of the border reivers and brought relative ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Northumberland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Northumberland - Border Wars Reivers And Rebels
From the Norman Conquest until the union of England and Scotland under James I and VI, Northumberland was the scene of perpetual inroads ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Northumberland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Northumberland - The Roman Occupation
When Gnaeus Julius Agricola was appointed Roman governor of Britain in 78 AD, most of northern Britain was still controlled by native Bri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Modern Glasgow
Since the 1980s, Glasgow has been rebuilding both its image and its architecture. The City Council's 'Glasgow's Miles Better' campaign wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of Fortifications In Britain
British military history - Roman & ancient. Hadrian's Wall AD 122 Antonine Wall AD 142 British military history - Mediæval. C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Northumberland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Northumberland - The Norman Invasion And Its Aftermath
The vigorous resistance of Northumbria to William the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying, mostly south of the River Tees. As rec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sod: Encyclopedia Ii - Sod - As A Landscaping Material
Transplanting sod is both the quickest and the most costly method for adding a lawn to landscaping. Although it takes some time for the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - Aborted Invasions
Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - Aulus Plautius: Ad 43
By the 40s AD the Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the forme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Economy
The Scottish economy of this period was dominated by agriculture and by short-distance, local trade. There was an increasing amount of fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Geography
Neither the political nor the theoretical boundaries of Scotland in this period, as both Alba and Scotia, corresponded exactly to modern ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Demographics
The population of Scotland in this period is unknown. Not until 1755 do we get reliable information about the population of Scotland, whe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Society
Medieval Scottish society was stratified. We know more about status in early Gaelic society than perhaps any other early medieval Europea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Military
After the "Norman Conquest" of David I, the warriors of Scotland can be classed as of two types. Firstly, the native exercitus Scoticanus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Law And Government
Early Gaelic law tracts, first written down in the ninth century, reveal a society highly concerned with kinship, status, honour and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms
Amidst the genre of National histories and the scholarly desire to explain and legitimise modern national entities, it is easy to forget ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Culture
As a predominantly Gaelic society, most Scottish cultural practices throughout this period mirrored closely those of Ireland, or at least...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - Asclepiodotus : Ad 296
The rebellion of Carausius in AD 286 led to Britain breaking away from the Roman Empire and it was not for another ten years that an expe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Britannia: Encyclopedia Ii - Britannia - Roman Period
At the height of Roman Britain, the Empire included all of Britannia (first invaded by Julius Caesar in 55 BC), which was bordered by Had...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Alliances
British military history - Scottish military alliances. Auld Alliance (1165-1560) British military history - English military allian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Historiography
Scotland in this period, for such a small region of Eurasia, is relatively well studied in this period. New works come out every year, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Origins Of The Kingdom Of Alba
Main articles: Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, and Origins of the Kingdom of Alba In the Roman period, the province province of Britan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scotland In The High Middle Ages: Encyclopedia Ii - Scotland In The High Middle Ages - Christianity & The Church
We can be sure that at least all of northern Britain, except the Scandinavian far north and west was Christian by the tenth century. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Founding Of The City
The area around Glasgow has hosted communities for millenia, with the River Clyde providing a natural location for fishing. The Romans la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Rise Of The Kingdom Of Alba
The myth of MacAlpin's Treason tells how Alba was born when the Dalriadan Kenneth mac Alpin conquered the Picts. Modern studies are less ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Anglo-norman Influence
Malcolm's victory foreshadowed what became a major thread of Scottish history for the next thousand years. He had relied on Northumbrian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Post-roman Scotland
In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised two main groups: the Picts, a people of uncertain origin (but possib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Roman Invasion
The written history of Scotland largely begins with the coming of the Roman empire to Britain. Although the pre-Roman inhabitants occasio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tartan: Encyclopedia Ii - Tartan - Other Modern Tartans
In addition to the clan tartans, there are many tartans regsitered for families, districts, institutions and even specific commemorative ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tartan: Encyclopedia Ii - Tartan - Clan Tartans
The naming and registration of official clan tartans began on April 8th 1815 when the Highland Society of London (founded 1778) resolved ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - War With England
Margaret's death (1290) now left the Scottish throne with no clear successor, and Edward became the arbitrator between the various claima...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Late Mediaeval Events
After David's death, Robert II, the first of the Stewart (later Stuart) kings, came to the throne in 1371. There followed in 1390 his ail...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms And The Puritan Commonwealth
See Also Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Scottish Civil War History of Scotland - Bishops Wars. Shortly after his reign began, an attempt b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Protestant Reformation
During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first Martin L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution
James's attempt to introduce religious toleration to England's Roman Catholics alienated his Protestant subjects. Neither this, nor his m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Union The Hanoverians And The Jacobites
By 1700, the Protestant monarchy seemed in danger of coming to an end with the childless Stuart Queen Anne. Rather than return to her Rom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland
Tied as it was to the health of the British Empire, Scotland suffered after the First World War as it had gained beforehand. In the Highl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance And Enlightenment
After 1745, British authorities acted to suppress the clan loyalties in the Highlands. The wearing of tartan and the playing of bagpipes ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Roman Rule Is Established
For the first twenty years, the Roman rule was oppressive, and this treatment led Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni, to revolt. The Trinovante...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Trade And Industry
By the time of the Roman occupation, Britain's tin exports to the Mediterranean had been largely eclipsed by the more convenient supply f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bearsden: Encyclopedia Ii - Bearsden - Population
Bearsden is primarily a middle-class commuter suburb. The majority of its population live in detached houses, travelling into Glasgow eac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Defensive Wall - Modern Era
Walls and fortified wall structures were built in the modern era, too. They did not, however have the original purpose of being a structu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Defensive Wall - Decline
In the wake of city growth and the ensuing change of defensive strategy, focussing more on the defense of forts around cities, most city ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Defensive Wall - History
Defensive walls are an evolved form of the palisades and other defensive measure employed to protect early settlements. From very early h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Mary Queen Of Scots
Within two years, the Rough Wooing, Henry VIII's military attempt to force a marriage between Mary and his son, Edward, had begun. This t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Defensive Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Defensive Wall - History
Defensive walls are an evolved form of the palisades and other defensive measure employed to protect early settlements. From very early h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - The Legacy
During their occupation of Britain, the Romans built an extensive network of roads, many of which are still in use today. The Romans also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Sub-roman Britain
Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attack on all sides towards the end of the 4th century, and troops were too few to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Government Of Britannia
Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate but those like Britain that required ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - The Third Century
The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, severa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - The Fourth Century
Constantius Chlorus returned to Britain in 306, aiming to invade northern Britain. The province's defences had been rebuilt in the preced...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Town And Country
A number of important settlements were founded by the Romans, during their occupation of Britain. Many of which still survive. Cities and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Religion
Religion in Roman Britain consisted originally of pagan worship. A common element was the conflation of Roman gods and local Iron Age dei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - The End Of Roman Rule
The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at this time. Howev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Trade And The Industrial Revolution
By the 16th century, the city's trades and craftsmen had begun to wield significant influence and the city had become an important tradin...   » Read the article