The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the central belt of Scotland. Construction of the Antonine Wall began in 142 CE during the reign of Antoninus Pius, and was completed in 144. The wall stretches 60 kilometres (37 miles) from Old Kirkpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde to Bo'ness, Falkirk, on the Firth of Forth. The wall was intended to replace Hadrian's Wall 160 km (100 miles) to the south, as the frontier of Britannia, but while the Romans did es ...

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In AD 83 or 84, led by Calgacus, the Caledonians' defeat at the hands of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at Mons Graupius is recorded by Tacitus. Tacitus avoids using terms such as king to describe Calgacus and it is uncertain as to whether the Caledonians had single leaders or whether they were more disparate and that Calgacus was an elected war leader only. In AD 180 they took part in an invasion of Britannia, breached Hadrian's Wall and were not brought under control for several years, eventually signing peace treaties with the governor Ulp ...

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Caledonians, Caledonians - An assessment by a modern historian, Caledonians - The history of the Caledonians from the Roman perspective, Caledonians - Archaeological evidence, Caledonians - Bibliography

Read more here: » Caledonians: Encyclopedia II - Caledonians - The history of the Caledonians from the Roman perspective

Construction started in 122 and was largely completed within ten years, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions participating in the work. The route chosen largely paralleled the nearby Stanegate road from Carlisle to Corbridge, which was already defended by a limes and several auxiliary forts, including Vindolanda. The initial plan called for a ditch and wall with 80 small, gated milecastle forts every Roman mile holding a few dozen troops each, and pairs of intermediate turrets used for observation and signalling ...

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Hadrian's Wall, Hadrian's Wall - Route, Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Construction, Hadrian's Wall - Garrison, Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Other fortifications, Hadrian's Wall - In fiction

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Britannia was originally the Latin name that the Roman Empire gave to the southern part of the island of Great Britain, and has become a national personification of the United Kingdom. Britannia - Roman period. At the height of Roman Britain, the Empire included all of Britannia (first invaded by Julius Caesar in 55 BC), which was bordered by Hadrian's Wall, close to today's border between England and Scotland. To the Romans northern Britain was known as Caledonia. A southern part of what is now known as Sc ...

Including:

• Britannia - Roman period
• Britannia - British revival
• Britannia - Namesakes

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Sod is grass turf and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of this material. Some sod is grown agriculturally, and is sold to landscapers who use it to quickly establish a lawn. Sod - As a landscaping material. Transplanting sod is both the quickest and the most costly method for adding a lawn to landscaping. Although it takes some time for the roots of the sod to connect the sod to the new location, the lawn can appear to be well established as soon as the sod is put in pl ...

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• Sod - As a landscaping material
• Sod - As a building material
• Sod - Other meanings

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Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86–March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors and a member of the Aurelii. He was the son of Titus Aurelius Fulvus, a consul whose family came from Nemausus (modern-day Nîmes), and was born near Lanuvium. After the death of his father, he was brought up under the care of Arrius Antoninus, his maternal grandfather, a man of inte ...

Including:

• Antoninus Pius - Contacts with China

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By chronology Prehistoric Britain Iron Age Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval Britain Early Modern Britain Modern Britain By nation History of England History of Ireland History of Scotland History of Wales By topic Constitutional history Economic history < ...

Including:

• British military history - List of British military encounters
• British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period
• British military history - Mediæval period
• British military history - Early Colonial period
• British military history - Colonial Period
• British military history - Modern Period
• British military history - 21st century
• British military history - List of fortifications in Britain
• British military history - Roman & ancient
• British military history - Mediæval
• British military history - 1600s
• British military history - Georgian & Victorian
• British military history - World War II Stop Lines
• British military history - List of British military institutions
• British military history - List of British military alliances
• British military history - Scottish military alliances
• British military history - English military alliances
• British military history - British military alliances

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Valentinian I (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364 - 375). He was born at Cibalis, in Pannonia, the son of a successful general, Gratian the Elder. His name was Flavius Valentinianus. He had been an officer of the Praetorian guard under Julian and Jovian, and had risen high in the imperial service. Of robust frame and distinguished appearance, he possessed great courage and military capacity. After the death of Jovian, he was chosen emperor in his forty-third year by the officers of the army at Nicaea in Bithynia on February 26, 364, and shortly afterwards named ...

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A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose vast regions. Walls are usually made of stone or clay and are generally as tall as a man's own height, although oftentimes much taller. Depending ...

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• Defensive wall - History
• Defensive wall - Composition
• Defensive wall - Decline
• Defensive wall - Modern Era
• Defensive wall - Africa
• Defensive wall - Austria
• Defensive wall - Azerbaijan
• Defensive wall - Canada
• Defensive wall - China
• Defensive wall - Croatia
• Defensive wall - France
• Defensive wall - Germany
• Defensive wall - Greece
• Defensive wall - Hungary
• Defensive wall - Israel
• Defensive wall - Ireland
• Defensive wall - Middle East
• Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara
• Defensive wall - the Netherlands
• Defensive wall - Philippines
• Defensive wall - Poland
• Defensive wall - Spain
• Defensive wall - Sweden
• Defensive wall - Turkey
• Defensive wall - United Kingdom
• Defensive wall - United States

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A limes is a Roman wall marking the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The most notable examples of limes are: Hadrian's Wall Antonine Wall Upper Germanic or Rhaetian Limes The Latin word limes underlies the abbreviation lim, used in mathematics to designate the limit of a sequence or a function: see limit (mathematics). Category: Ancient Roman military technology ...

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Hadrian's Wall was built following a visit by Roman emperor Hadrian. Hadrian was experiencing military difficulties not just in Britain, but from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Judea, Libya, Mauretania, and many of the peoples conquered by his predecessor Trajan, so was keen to impose order. However the construction of such an impressive wall was probably also built as a symbol of Roman po ...

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Hadrian's Wall, Hadrian's Wall - Route, Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Construction, Hadrian's Wall - Garrison, Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Other fortifications, Hadrian's Wall - In fiction

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Caledonia is an old Latin name (given by the Roman Empire) for a northern area of the island of Great Britain. In some contexts it may mean the area north of Hadrian's Wall. In others it may mean the area north of the Antonine Wall. The border between modern Scotland and modern England is between the two walls and, in English and Scots, Caledonia has now romanitic or poetic usage as a name for Scotland. The name represents that of a Pictish tribe, the Caledonii, one amongst several in the Caledonia region, but perhaps the dominant tribe. Their name appears also in that of Dunkeld (Dùn Chailleann i ...

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In the months after Hadrian's death in 138, the new emperor, Antoninus Pius essentially abandoned the wall, though leaving it occupied in a support role, and began building a new wall in Scotland proper, about 100 miles north, the Antonine Wall. This turf wall ran 40 Roman miles (about 37 modern miles) and had significantly more forts than Hadrian's Wall. Antonine was unable to conquer the Picts and so when Marcus Aurelius became emperor, he abandoned the Antonine Wall and occupied Hadrian's Wall once again in 164. It remained occupied by R ...

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Hadrian's Wall, Hadrian's Wall - Route, Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Construction, Hadrian's Wall - Garrison, Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Other fortifications, Hadrian's Wall - In fiction

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The wall was garrisoned by auxiliary (i.e., non-legionary) units of the army (non-citizens). Their numbers fluctuated throughout the occupation, but may have been around 9,000 strong in general, including infantry and cavalry. The new forts could hold garrisons of 500 men whilst cavalry units of 1000 troops were stationed at either end. The total number of soldiers manning the early wall was probably greater than 10,000. They suffered serious attacks in 180, and especially between 196 and 197 when the garrison had been seriously weake ...

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Hadrian's Wall, Hadrian's Wall - Route, Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Construction, Hadrian's Wall - Garrison, Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Other fortifications, Hadrian's Wall - In fiction

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Hadrian's Wall featured extensively in the movie King Arthur (2004) to offer a newer, freshened version of the Arthur mythos. They were garrisoned at one of the blockhouses where Arthur had his "Round Table". Arthur and his men were "knights" held in servitude by the Romans who occupied Britain, and later by the Pope. For more on the movie, see the Internet Movie Database. Sycamore Gap, a section of the wall between two crests just west of milecastle 38, is locally known as the "Robin Hood Tree". This location was featured in the 19 ...

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Hadrian's Wall, Hadrian's Wall - Route, Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Construction, Hadrian's Wall - Garrison, Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Other fortifications, Hadrian's Wall - In fiction

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There is little direct evidence of a Caledonian archaeological culture but it is possible to describe the settlements in their territory during their existence. The hillforts that stretched from the North York Moors to the Scottish highlands are evidence of a distinctive character emerging in northern Great Britain from the Middle Iron Age onwards. They were much smaller than the hillforts further south, often less than a hectare in area and there is no evidence that they were extensively occupied or defended by the Caledonians who appear to generally have had a dispersed settlement pattern. Suggestions of widespread ...

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Caledonians, Caledonians - An assessment by a modern historian, Caledonians - The history of the Caledonians from the Roman perspective, Caledonians - Archaeological evidence, Caledonians - Bibliography

Read more here: » Caledonians: Encyclopedia II - Caledonians - Archaeological evidence

184 - Events. The Yellow Turban Rebellion breaks out in China. Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and start of Zhongping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Final abandonment of Antonine Wall 184 - Births. 184 - Deaths. Category: 184 ...

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• 184 - Events
• 184 - Births
• 184 - Deaths

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144 - Events. Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Polycarpus II to Patriarch Athendodorus Change of era name from Hanan (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han Dynasty Change of emperor from Han Shundi to Han Chongdi of the Chinese Han Dynasty Marcion of Sinope is excommunicated; a sect (Marcionism) grows out of his beliefs. Construction of the Antonine Wall is completed. 144 - Births. Including:

• 144 - Events
• 144 - Births
• 144 - Deaths

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142 - Events. Construction of the Antonine Wall began in Scotland. First year of the Hanan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty 142 - Births. Liu Biao (AD 142-208) 142 - Deaths. Category: 142 ...

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• 142 - Events
• 142 - Births
• 142 - Deaths

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Bearsden can be accessed by rail to Bearsden, Westerton or Hillfoot stations. It can also be accessed by road, of which the main routes are: This aerial photo of Bearsden Cross may be useful when reading the following paragraph. The photo looks south, and the main road running in the vertical direction is Drymen Road. The single (very straight) road which intersects Drymen Road near the centre of the picture is Roman Road. The town centre is located at the intersection of the A809 (Drymen Road) and A808 (Roman Road). It ...

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Bearsden, Bearsden - Transport links and physical layout, Bearsden - Population, Bearsden - History, Bearsden - Roman, Bearsden - Up to the 19th century, Bearsden - 20th century

Read more here: » Bearsden: Encyclopedia II - Bearsden - Transport links and physical layout