Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. The "father of modern chemistry", he stated the first version of the Law of Conservation of Matter, recognized and named oxygen (1778), disproved the phlogiston theory, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He was also an investor and administrator of the Ferme Générale, a private tax collection company; chairman of the board of the Discount Bank (later the ...

Including:

• Antoine Lavoisier - Early life
• Antoine Lavoisier - Contributions to chemistry
• Antoine Lavoisier - Background
• Antoine Lavoisier - Major works
• Antoine Lavoisier - Research on hydrogen and role disproving Phlogiston theory
• Antoine Lavoisier - Pioneer of Stoichiometry
• Antoine Lavoisier - Major works on analytical chemistry and chemical nomenclature
• Antoine Lavoisier - Aftermath
• Antoine Lavoisier - Law and politics
• Antoine Lavoisier - Execution
• Antoine Lavoisier - Can a severed head think?

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See also:

History of the periodic table, History of the periodic table - In the beginning, History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, History of the periodic table - Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, History of the periodic table - John Newlands' Octaves, History of the periodic table - The first periodic table, History of the periodic table - Henry Moseley, History of the periodic table - Walter Russell

Read more here: » History of the periodic table: Encyclopedia II - History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

Born to a wealthy family in Paris, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier inherited a large fortune when his mother died. He attended the College Mazarin from 1754 to 1761, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. His education was filled with the ideals of the French Enlightenment of the time, he felt fascination for Maquois's dictionary. His devotion and passion for chemistry was largely influenced by Étienne Condillac a prominent french scholar of the 18th century. His first chemical publication appeared in 1764. In 1767 he worked on a ...

See also:

Antoine Lavoisier, Antoine Lavoisier - Early life, Antoine Lavoisier - Contributions to chemistry, Antoine Lavoisier - Background, Antoine Lavoisier - Major works, Antoine Lavoisier - Research on hydrogen and role disproving Phlogiston theory, Antoine Lavoisier - Pioneer of Stoichiometry, Antoine Lavoisier - Major works on analytical chemistry and chemical nomenclature, Antoine Lavoisier - Aftermath, Antoine Lavoisier - Law and politics, Antoine Lavoisier - Execution, Antoine Lavoisier - Can a severed head think?

Read more here: » Antoine Lavoisier: Encyclopedia II - Antoine Lavoisier - Early life

The phlogiston theory is an obsolete scientific theory of combustion. It was developed by J. J. Becher late in the 17th century and was extended and popularized by Georg Ernst Stahl, who declared the rusting of metal to be a combustion process. Phlogiston theory - Theory. The theory holds that all flammable materials contain phlogiston (derived noun form of the Greek phlogistos, meaning flammable), a substance without color, odor, taste, or weight that is liberated in burning. Once burn ...

Including:

• Phlogiston theory - Theory
• Phlogiston theory - Challenge and demise
• Phlogiston theory - Bibliography

Read more here: » Phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia - Phlogiston theory

Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. The element is very common, found not only on Earth but throughout the universe, usually covalently bonded with other elements. Unbound oxygen (usually called molecular oxygen, O2, a diatomic molecule) first appeared on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era (between 2500 million years ago and 1600 million years ago) and as a product of the metabolic action of early anaerobes (archaea and bacteria). The presence of free oxygen ...

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• Oxygen - Characteristics
• Oxygen - Applications
• Oxygen - History
• Oxygen - Occurrence
• Oxygen - Compounds
• Oxygen - Isotopes
• Oxygen - Precautions

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1794 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders From Categories: births - deaths 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). 1794 - Events. February 11 - 1st session of the United States Senate is open to the public. ...

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• 1794 - Events
• 1794 - Unknown dates
• 1794 - Ongoing events
• 1794 - Births
• 1794 - Deaths

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People have known about basic chemical elements such as gold, silver, and copper from antiquity, as these can all be discovered in nature in native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools. Aristotle, a philosopher, theorised that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more of four elements. They were earth, water, air, and fire. This was more like the four states of matter (in the same order): solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, though he also t ...

See also:

History of the periodic table, History of the periodic table - In the beginning, History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, History of the periodic table - Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, History of the periodic table - John Newlands' Octaves, History of the periodic table - The first periodic table, History of the periodic table - Henry Moseley, History of the periodic table - Walter Russell

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John Newlands was an English chemist who wrote a paper in 1863 which classified the 56 elements that had been discovered at the time into 11 groups which were based on similar physical properties. He noted that many pairs of similar elements existed which differed by some multiple of eight in atomic weight. Newlands took Döbereiner's ideas and expanded on them. He also organized his elements by mass and property, but he added a twist. Döbereiner had worked only in sma ...

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History of the periodic table, History of the periodic table - In the beginning, History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, History of the periodic table - Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, History of the periodic table - John Newlands' Octaves, History of the periodic table - The first periodic table, History of the periodic table - Henry Moseley, History of the periodic table - Walter Russell

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Dmitri Mendeleev, also spelt Dmitry Mendeleyev, middle name (patronymic) Ivanovich, a Siberian-born Russian chemist, was the first scientist to make a periodic table much like the one we use today. Mendeleev arranged the elements in a table ordered by atomic mass. On March 6, 1869, a formal presentation was made to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements. His table was published in an obscure Russian journal but quickly republished in a German journal, Zeits ...

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History of the periodic table, History of the periodic table - In the beginning, History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, History of the periodic table - Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, History of the periodic table - John Newlands' Octaves, History of the periodic table - The first periodic table, History of the periodic table - Henry Moseley, History of the periodic table - Walter Russell

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In 1913, Henry Moseley found a relationship between an element's X-ray wavelength and its atomic number. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were just random numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were not arbitrary but had an experimentally measurable basis. Mosley's research also showed that there were gaps in his table at atomic numbers 43 and 61 which are now known to be radioactive and not naturally occurring. Following in the footsteps ...

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History of the periodic table, History of the periodic table - In the beginning, History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, History of the periodic table - Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, History of the periodic table - John Newlands' Octaves, History of the periodic table - The first periodic table, History of the periodic table - Henry Moseley, History of the periodic table - Walter Russell

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Eventually, quantitative experiments revealed problems, including the fact that some metals, such as magnesium gained weight when they burned, even though they were supposed to have lost phlogiston. Some phlogiston proponents explained this by concluding that it had "negative weight"; others, such as Guyton de Morveau, gave the more conventional argument that phlogiston was lighter than air. However, a more detailed analysis based on the Archimedean principle and the densities of magnesium and its combustion product shows that just being lig ...

See also:

Phlogiston theory, Phlogiston theory - Theory, Phlogiston theory - Challenge and demise, Phlogiston theory - Bibliography

Read more here: » Phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Phlogiston theory - Challenge and demise

The theory holds that all flammable materials contain phlogiston (derived noun form of the Greek phlogistos, meaning flammable), a substance without color, odor, taste, or weight that is liberated in burning. Once burned, the "dephlogisticated" substance was held to be in its "true" form, the calx. "Phlogisticated" substances are those that contain phlogiston and are "dephlogisticated" when burned. Since any substance could be observed to burn for only a limited time with limited air (for instance in a sealed container), air was thought ...

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Phlogiston theory, Phlogiston theory - Theory, Phlogiston theory - Challenge and demise, Phlogiston theory - Bibliography

Read more here: » Phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Phlogiston theory - Theory

At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are doubly bonded to each other. In its most stable form, oxygen exists as a diradical (triplet oxygen). Though radicals are commonly associated with highly reactive compounds, triplet oxygen is surprisingly (and fortunately) unreactive towards most compounds. Singlet oxygen, a name given to several higher energy species in which all the electron spins are paired, is much more ...

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Characteristics

Oxygen was first discovered by Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist and philosopher in late 16th century. Sędziwój assumed the existence of oxygen by warming nitre (saltpeter). He thought of the gas given off as "the elixir of life". Oxygen was again discovered by the Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele sometime before 1773, but the discovery was not published until after the independent discovery by Joseph Priestley on August 1, 1774, who called the gas dephlogisticated air (see phlogiston theory). Priestley published hi ...

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - History

The best known is LIFE, the photojournalism magazine founded by Henry Luce in 1936 and owned by Time Warner. Its first issue was dated November 23. The publication was a mammoth success. During the magazie's heyday - roughly from its launch until the early 1960s - LIFE was the most influential and popular magazine in America, with tens of millions of subscribers and readers. Its impact on American public opinion, especially among the e ...

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Life magazine, Life magazine - LIFE the photojournalism magazine, Life magazine - LIFE 2004, Life magazine - LIFE's ten most important events of the second millennium, Life magazine - LIFE's 100 most important people of the second millennium, Life magazine - Well-known employees, Life magazine - Life 1883 - 1930s

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Liquid oxygen finds use as an oxidizer in rocket propulsion. Oxygen is essential to respiration, so oxygen supplementation has found use in medicine (as oxygen therapy). People who climb mountains or fly in airplanes sometimes have supplemental oxygen supplies (as air). Oxygen is used in welding (such as the oxyacetylene torch), and in the making of steel and methanol. Oxygen presents two absorption bands centered in the wavelengths 687 and 760 nanometers. Some scientists have proposed to use the measurement of the radiance coming fro ...

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Applications

Published in 54 volumes, The Great Books of the Western World covers topics including fiction, history, poetry, natural science, mathematics, philosophy, drama, politics, religion, economics, and ethics. The first volume, titled The Great Conversation, contains an introduction and discourse on liberal education by Hutchins. The next two volumes, "The Great Ideas: A Syntopicon", were conceived by Adler as a way of emphasizing the unity of the set and, by extension, of Western thought in general. A team of indexers spent months c ...

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Great Books of the Western World, Great Books of the Western World - History, Great Books of the Western World - The works, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 1, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 2, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 3, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 4, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 5, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 6, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 7, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 8, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 9, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 10, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 11, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 12, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 13, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 14, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 15, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 16, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 17, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 18, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 19, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 20, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 21, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 22, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 23, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 24, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 25, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 26, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 27, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 28, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 29, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 30, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 31, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 32, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 33, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 34, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 35, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 36, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 37, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 38, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 39, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 40, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 41, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 42, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 43, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 44, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 45, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 46, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 47, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 48, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 49, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 50, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 51, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 52, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 53, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 54, Great Books of the Western World - Second edition, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 20, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 23, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 31, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 34, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 43, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 44, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 45, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 46, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 47, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 48, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 52, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 55, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 56, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 57, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 58, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 59, Great Books of the Western World - Volume 60, Great Books of the Western World - Criticism

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Oxygen can be toxic at elevated partial pressures (i.e. high relative concentrations). This is important in some forms of scuba diving, such as with a rebreather. Certain derivatives of oxygen, such as ozone (O3), singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide, are also highly toxic. The body has developed mechanisms to protect against these toxic species. For instance, the naturally-occurring glutathione can act as an antioxidant, as can bilirubin which is normally a breakdown product of hemoglobin. To ...

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Precautions

1794 - Unknown dates. Horatio Nelson loses a right eye at Calvi in Corsica Coffee forbidden by royal decree in Sweden France occupies Aachen. 1794 - Ongoing events. French Revolution (1789-1799) French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-First Coalition ...

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1794, 1794 - Events, 1794 - Unknown dates, 1794 - Ongoing events, 1794 - Births, 1794 - Deaths

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List of French people - A-C. Louis Agassiz -- geologist André-Marie Ampère -- scientist François Arago -- physicist, astronomer (and also politician) Antoine Arbogast -- mathematician Jean-Baptiste Biot -- physicist Jean-Charles de Borda -- mathematician, physicist, political scientist Henri Braconnot -- chemist and pharmacist Louis de Broglie -- 1929 Physics Nobel Prize winner. Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot -- physicist ...

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List of French people, List of French people - Actors/actresses, List of French people - A, List of French people - B-C, List of French people - D-L, List of French people - M-V, List of French people - Architects, List of French people - Authors, List of French people - A, List of French people - B, List of French people - C-E, List of French people - F-J, List of French people - L, List of French people - M-N, List of French people - P-R, List of French people - S-Z, List of French people - Aviators, List of French people - Business, List of French people - Chefs, List of French people - Colonial administrators, List of French people - Composers, List of French people - Criminals, List of French people - Dancers, List of French people - Economists, List of French people - Fashion, List of French people - Fictional characters, List of French people - Filmmakers, List of French people - Humorists, List of French people - Monarchs, List of French people - Musicians singers, List of French people - Painters, List of French people - Philosophers, List of French people - Politicians, List of French people - Popes, List of French people - Resistance workers, List of French people - Scientists, List of French people - A-C, List of French people - D-M, List of French people - P-V, List of French people - Sculptors, List of French people - Social Activists, List of French people - Soldiers, List of French people - Sports people, List of French people - Theologians, List of French people - Others

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