antibodies

The Pasteur Institute Paris has twelve research departments: Structural biology and Chemistry Structure and Dynamic of Genomes Fundamental and Medical Microbiology Microbial Pathogenesis Cell biology and Infection Virology Parasitology Developmental biology Neuroscience Immunology Molecular medicine Eco ...

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Pasteur Institute, Pasteur Institute - History, Pasteur Institute - Pasteur Institute today, Pasteur Institute - Research Centers, Pasteur Institute - Teaching Center, Pasteur Institute - Epidemiological Reference Center, Pasteur Institute - Vaccines and Diagnostic Products, Pasteur Institute - Structure and Support, Pasteur Institute - Source

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In animals, castration (removal of the testes) and salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes), called "neutering" or "spaying" when applied to pets, are used to reduce or eliminate sexual behaviour, and to prevent conception, heat and possible uterine diseases in females, potentially prolonging an animal's lifespan. Due to the hormonal changes involved with both genders, this will definitely cause minor personality changes in the animal. When these changes are undesired, a different method of sterilization can be used ...

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Sterilization surgical procedure, Sterilization surgical procedure - Vasectomy, Sterilization surgical procedure - Safety and effectiveness, Sterilization surgical procedure - Reversal, Sterilization surgical procedure - Sterilization of animals

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The name "white cells" derives the from the fact that after centrifugation of a blood sample, the white cells are found in the Buffy coat, a small fraction between the hematocrit and the blood plasma, which is white in color (or sometimes green, if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, which are high in green myeloperoxidase). Neutrophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocyte Basop ...

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White blood cell, White blood cell - Nomenclature, White blood cell - Types, White blood cell - Granulocytes, White blood cell - Lymphocytes, White blood cell - Monocytes, White blood cell - Diseases, White blood cell - Other tissue cells

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Both metformin and the thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance. Exercise, weight loss, and a low glycemic index diet may help. The Diabetes Prevention Program showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes (Knowler et al 2002). Naturopathic approaches to insulin resistance include: supplementation of chromium and vanadium have been shown to potentiate the effects of insulin at receptor cells, bitter melon (momordica) and gymnem ...

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Insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Pathophysiology, Insulin resistance - Investigation, Insulin resistance - Glucose tolerance testing GTT, Insulin resistance - Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, Insulin resistance - Alternatives, Insulin resistance - Causes of insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Therapy, Insulin resistance - History, Insulin resistance - Sources

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In 1941, at age 40, Pauling was diagnosed with a serious form of Bright’s disease, a fatal renal disease. Experts believed then that Bright's disease was untreatable. With the help of Dr. Thomas Addis at Stanford, Pauling was able to control the disease with Addis' then unusual, low protein, salt-free diet. Addis also prescribed vitamins and minerals for all his patients. In the late 1950s, Pauling worked on the role of enzymes in brain function, believing that mental illness may be partly caused by enzyme dysfunction. It wasn't unt ...

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Linus Pauling, Linus Pauling - Early life, Linus Pauling - College and university, Linus Pauling - Marriage, Linus Pauling - Early scientific career, Linus Pauling - Work on the nature of the chemical bond, Linus Pauling - Work on biological molecules, Linus Pauling - Activism, Linus Pauling - Work in the development of the electric car, Linus Pauling - Work in alternative medicine, Linus Pauling - Pauling's legacy, Linus Pauling - Trivia, Linus Pauling - Works by Linus Pauling

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As a private, non-profit organization, the Pasteur Institute is governed by an independent Board of Directors, currently chaired by Bernard Esambert, vice-president of Groupe Bolloré Technologies and president of Bank Arjil. The Director General of the Pasteur Institute is Alice Dautry. By drawing financial support from many different sources, the Institute protects its autonomy and guarantees the independence of its scientists. The Institute's funding includes French government subsidies, consulting fees, licen ...

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Pasteur Institute, Pasteur Institute - History, Pasteur Institute - Pasteur Institute today, Pasteur Institute - Research Centers, Pasteur Institute - Teaching Center, Pasteur Institute - Epidemiological Reference Center, Pasteur Institute - Vaccines and Diagnostic Products, Pasteur Institute - Structure and Support, Pasteur Institute - Source

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West Nile virus can be sampled from the environment by the pooling of trapped mosquitoes, testing avian blood samples drawn from wild birds and sentinel chickens, as well as testing dead birds found by various animal control agencies and the public. Testing of the mosquito samples requires the use of RT-PCR to directly amplify and show the presence of virus in the submitted samples. When using the blood sera of wild bird and sentinel chickens, samples must be tested for the presence of West Nile virus antibodies by use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) (Jozan et. al. 2003) or Enzyme-Linked Immu ...

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West Nile virus, West Nile virus - Symptoms, West Nile virus - History, West Nile virus - Geographic distribution, West Nile virus - Recent outbreaks, West Nile virus - Surveillance methods, West Nile virus - Experimental treatment

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H5N1 is a virus. It has eight RNA molecules in each virion. The exact molecular makeup of hundreds of genotypes (variants) of both H5N1 and other avian flu viruses are known. For example, according to this genome database, the NS RNA molecule of one variant of H5N1 looks like this: gtgacaaaga cataatggat tccaacacga taacctcgtt tcaggtagat tgttatctat ggcacataag aaagctactc agtatgagag acatgtgtga tgcccccttt gatgacaggc tccgaagaga ccaaaaggca ttaaagggaa gaggcagcac acttggactc gatttaagag tggctacaat ggaggggaaa aagatcgttg aggacatcct gaagagtgag a ...

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Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources

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Myxobolus cerebralis has a two-host life-cycle involving a salmonid fish and a tubificid oligochaete. So far, the only worm known to be susceptible to M. cerebralis infection is Tubifex tubifex[13], though what scientists currently call T. tubifex may in fact be more than one species[14]. First, myxospores are ingested by tubificid wo ...

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Myxobolus cerebralis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Taxonomy, Myxobolus cerebralis - Morphology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Triactinomyxon stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Sporoplasm stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Myxosporean stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Life cycle, Myxobolus cerebralis - Pathology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Susceptibility, Myxobolus cerebralis - Diagnosis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in Europe, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in New Zealand, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in the United States, Myxobolus cerebralis - Prevention and control, Myxobolus cerebralis - Notes

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US Gross Domestic Takings: US$ 67,659,560 + Other International Takings: $122,200,000 = Gross Worldwide Takings: $189,859,560 ...

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Outbreak film, Outbreak film - Synopsis, Outbreak film - Taglines, Outbreak film - Awards & Nominations, Outbreak film - Box Office, Outbreak film - Cast, Outbreak film - Trivia

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Although originally a mild pathogen of Salmo trutta in central Europe and other salmonids in north east Asia, the spread of the Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has greatly increased the impact of this parasite. Having no innate immunity to M. cerebralis, rainbow trout are particularly susceptible, and can release so many spores that even more resistant species in the same area, like S. trutta, can become overloaded with parasites and incur 80%–90% mortalities. Where M. cerebralis has become well-estab ...

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Myxobolus cerebralis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Taxonomy, Myxobolus cerebralis - Morphology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Triactinomyxon stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Sporoplasm stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Myxosporean stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Life cycle, Myxobolus cerebralis - Pathology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Susceptibility, Myxobolus cerebralis - Diagnosis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in Europe, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in New Zealand, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in the United States, Myxobolus cerebralis - Prevention and control, Myxobolus cerebralis - Notes

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M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail. Myxobolus cerebralis - Triactinomyxon stage. The stages that infect fish, called triactinomyxon spores, are made of a single style that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long and three processes or "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long. A sporoplasm packet at the end of the style contains 64 germ cells surrounded by a cellular envelopeSee also:

Myxobolus cerebralis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Taxonomy, Myxobolus cerebralis - Morphology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Triactinomyxon stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Sporoplasm stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Myxosporean stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Life cycle, Myxobolus cerebralis - Pathology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Susceptibility, Myxobolus cerebralis - Diagnosis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in Europe, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in New Zealand, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in the United States, Myxobolus cerebralis - Prevention and control, Myxobolus cerebralis - Notes

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The proteins of the sample are separated according to molecular weight using gel electrophoresis. Gels have various formulations depending on the lab, molecular weight of the proteins of interest, and buffers available. Polyacrylamide gels are most common. Since the proteins travel only in one dimension along the gel, samples are loaded side-by-side into "wells" formed in the gel. Proteins are separated by mass into "bands" within each "lane" formed under the wells. One lane is reserved for a "marker," or "ladder," a commercially available m ...

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Western blot, Western blot - Tissue preparation, Western blot - Gel electrophoresis, Western blot - Transfer, Western blot - Blocking, Western blot - Detection, Western blot - Two step, Western blot - One step, Western blot - Analysis, Western blot - Colorimetric detection, Western blot - Chemiluminescence, Western blot - Radioactive detection, Western blot - Fluorescent detection, Western blot - Secondary probing

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Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. If the tumor was benign and was removed in its entirety, no further therapy is necessary. Malignant tumors may need additional treatment with radiotherapy, or sometimes with chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin). Removal of the thymus in adults does not appear to induce a severe immune deficiency. In children, however, added care and scrupulous vaccination are ...

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Thymoma, Thymoma - Signs and symptoms, Thymoma - Diagnosis, Thymoma - Pathophysiology, Thymoma - Epidemiology, Thymoma - Treatment, Thymoma - Source, Thymoma - External link

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Major clinical features in humans are weight loss (often accompanied by a ravenous appetite), fatigue, weakness, hyperactivity, irritability, apathy, depression, polyuria, and sweating. Additionally, patients may present with a variety of symptoms such as palpitations and arrhythmias (notably atrial fibrillation), dyspnea, loss of libido, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In the elderly, these classical symptoms may not be present and they may present only with fatigu ...

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Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism - Causes, Hyperthyroidism - Signs and symptoms, Hyperthyroidism - Diagnosis, Hyperthyroidism - Treatment, Hyperthyroidism - Surgery, Hyperthyroidism - Radioiodine, Hyperthyroidism - Thyrostatics, Hyperthyroidism - Veterinary medicine

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The taxonomy and naming of both M. cerebralis and of myxozoans in general have complicated histories. It was originally thought that this parasite infected fish brains (hence the specific epithet cerebralis), however it quickly became apparent that while it can be found in the nervous system, it primarily infects cartilage and skeletal tissue. Attempts to change the name to Myxobolus chondrophagus, which would more accurately describe the organism, failed because of nomenclature rules^{See also:}

Myxobolus cerebralis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Taxonomy, Myxobolus cerebralis - Morphology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Triactinomyxon stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Sporoplasm stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Myxosporean stage, Myxobolus cerebralis - Life cycle, Myxobolus cerebralis - Pathology, Myxobolus cerebralis - Susceptibility, Myxobolus cerebralis - Diagnosis, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in Europe, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in New Zealand, Myxobolus cerebralis - Impact in the United States, Myxobolus cerebralis - Prevention and control, Myxobolus cerebralis - Notes

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Typically, samples are taken from either tissue or from cell culture. The samples are cooled or frozen rapidly. They are homogenized using sonication or mechanical force. the resulting "whole-cell homogenate" or "whole-cell fraction" can be used as is, or subjected to centrifugation in a series of steps to isolate cytosolic (cell interior) and nuclear fractions. The prepared sample is then assayed for protein content so that a consistent amount ...

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Western blot, Western blot - Tissue preparation, Western blot - Gel electrophoresis, Western blot - Transfer, Western blot - Blocking, Western blot - Detection, Western blot - Two step, Western blot - One step, Western blot - Analysis, Western blot - Colorimetric detection, Western blot - Chemiluminescence, Western blot - Radioactive detection, Western blot - Fluorescent detection, Western blot - Secondary probing

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In the TV series Millennium, a modified version of the Marburg virus breaks out in Seattle, killing (amongst others) Frank Black's wife, Catherine. In the TV series Medical Investigation episode 17 the Marburg virus breaks out in New York killing 5 from a total of 6 infected persons. ...

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Marburg virus, Marburg virus - The Marburg virus, Marburg virus - Infection details, Marburg virus - Treatment and prevention, Marburg virus - Early outbreaks, Marburg virus - 2004-2005 outbreak in Angola, Marburg virus - Deaths by Month, Marburg virus - Deaths by Week, Marburg virus - Control efforts, Marburg virus - Fiction, Marburg virus - Sources

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After the unbound probes are washed away, the western blot is ready for detection of the probes that are labeled and bound to the protein of interest. In practical terms, not all westerns reveal protein only at one band in a membrane. Size approximations are taken by comparing the stained bands to that of the marker or ladder loaded during electrophoresis. The process is repeated for a structural protein, such as actin or tubulin, that should not change between samples. The amount of target protein is indexed to the structural protein to con ...

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Western blot, Western blot - Tissue preparation, Western blot - Gel electrophoresis, Western blot - Transfer, Western blot - Blocking, Western blot - Detection, Western blot - Two step, Western blot - One step, Western blot - Analysis, Western blot - Colorimetric detection, Western blot - Chemiluminescence, Western blot - Radioactive detection, Western blot - Fluorescent detection, Western blot - Secondary probing

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Because many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other infectious diseases, such as malaria or typhoid, diagnosis of the disease can be difficult, especially if only a single case is involved. The disease is characterised by the sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle pain after an incubation period of 3-9 days. Within a week, a maculopapular rash develops, followed by vomiting, chest and abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The disease can then become increasingly damaging, causing jaundice, de ...

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Marburg virus, Marburg virus - The Marburg virus, Marburg virus - Infection details, Marburg virus - Treatment and prevention, Marburg virus - Early outbreaks, Marburg virus - 2004-2005 outbreak in Angola, Marburg virus - Deaths by Month, Marburg virus - Deaths by Week, Marburg virus - Control efforts, Marburg virus - Fiction, Marburg virus - Sources

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West Nile virus has been described in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype Kunjin), and most recently, North America. Recent outbreaks of West Nile virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in Algeria (1994), Romania (1996 to 1997), the Czech Republic (1997), Congo (1998), Russia (1999), the United States (1999 to 2003), Canada (1999–2003), and Israel (2000). Epizootics of disease in horses occurred in Morocco (1996), Italy (1998), the United States (1999 to 2001), and France (200 ...

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West Nile virus, West Nile virus - Symptoms, West Nile virus - History, West Nile virus - Geographic distribution, West Nile virus - Recent outbreaks, West Nile virus - Surveillance methods, West Nile virus - Experimental treatment

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SLE is a chronic disease with no cure. There are, however, some medications, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants which can control the disease and prevent flares. Flares are typically treated with steroids, with DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) to suppress the disease process, reduce steroid needs and prevent flares. DMARDs commonly in use are the antimalarials (e.g. hydroxychloroquine) and azathioprine. Cyclophosphamide is used for severe nephritis or other organ-damaging complications. Patients who require steroids frequently may develop obesity, diabetes and osteopor ...

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Lupus erythematosus, Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms, Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Musculoskeletal manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Hematological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Cardiac manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Renal involvement, Lupus erythematosus - Neurological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - T-cell abnormalities, Lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis, Lupus erythematosus - Classification, Lupus erythematosus - Etiology, Lupus erythematosus - Genetics, Lupus erythematosus - Environmental causes, Lupus erythematosus - Drug-induced lupus, Lupus erythematosus - Pathophysiology, Lupus erythematosus - Abnormalities in apoptosis, Lupus erythematosus - Complement pathway, Lupus erythematosus - Treatment, Lupus erythematosus - Epidemiology, Lupus erythematosus - Prognosis, Lupus erythematosus - History

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