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antibodies | A Wisdom Archive on antibodies | | antibodies A selection of articles related to antibodies | |
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antibodies, Antibody, Antibody - Biochemical applications, Antibody - Definition, Antibody - Function, Antibody - Isotypes, Antibody - Medical applications, Antibody - Structure of the antibody, Antibody - IgA, Antibody - IgD, Antibody - IgE, Antibody - IgG, Antibody - IgM, Antibody - The humoral immune response, Immunology, Immunosuppressive drug, Monoclonal antibody
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO antibodies | | | |  antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Thymoma - DiagnosisWhen a thymic pass is identified, the diagnosis is achieved with histology (obtaining a tissue sample of the mass). When a thymoma is suspected, a CT/CAT scan is generally performed to estimate the size of the tumor, and can be biopsied with a CT-guided needle. Although there is a risk of pneumomediastinum, mediastinitis and the risk of damaging the heart or large blood vessels.
The tumor is generally located inside the thymus, and can be calcified. Increased vascular enhancement can be indicative of ma ...
See also:Thymoma, Thymoma - Signs and symptoms, Thymoma - Diagnosis, Thymoma - Pathophysiology, Thymoma - Epidemiology, Thymoma - Treatment, Thymoma - Source, Thymoma - External link Read more here: » Thymoma: Encyclopedia II - Thymoma - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Cytomegalovirus - Specific situations
Cytomegalovirus - Pregnancy.
The incidence of primary (or first) CMV infection in pregnant women in the United States varies from 1% to 3%. Healthy pregnant women are not at special risk for disease from CMV infection. When infected with CMV, most women have no symptoms and very few have a disease resembling mononucleosis. It is their developing unborn babies that may be at risk for congenital CMV disease. CMV remains the most important cause of congenital (meaning from birth) viral infection in the United States ...
See also:Cytomegalovirus, Cytomegalovirus - Species, Cytomegalovirus - General information, Cytomegalovirus - Characteristics of the virus, Cytomegalovirus - Transmission and prevention, Cytomegalovirus - Specific situations, Cytomegalovirus - Pregnancy, Cytomegalovirus - Childcare, Cytomegalovirus - Immunocompromised patients, Cytomegalovirus - Diagnosis of infection, Cytomegalovirus - Serologic testing, Cytomegalovirus - Relevance to blood donors, Cytomegalovirus - Treatment, Cytomegalovirus - Support group Read more here: » Cytomegalovirus: Encyclopedia II - Cytomegalovirus - Specific situations |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Von Willebrand factor - Biochemistry
Von Willebrand factor - Synthesis.
vWF is a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively in endothelium (in the Weibel-Palade bodies), megakaryocytes (α-granules of platelets), and subendothelial connective tissue.
Von Willebrand factor - Structure.
The basic vWF monomer is a 2050 amino acid protein. Every monomer contains a number of specific domains with a specific function; elements of note are:
the D'/D3 domain, which binds ...
See also:Von Willebrand factor, Von Willebrand factor - Biochemistry, Von Willebrand factor - Synthesis, Von Willebrand factor - Structure, Von Willebrand factor - Function, Von Willebrand factor - Catabolism, Von Willebrand factor - Role in disease, Von Willebrand factor - History, Von Willebrand factor - Sources Read more here: » Von Willebrand factor: Encyclopedia II - Von Willebrand factor - Biochemistry |
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| | | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Vital Brazil - Work The new São Paulo Institute was built in a section of the city named Butantan, at the time a far-away place, near the Pinheiros river, a swampy, sparsely inhabited area. Under Vital Brazil, it soon became an energetic and exemplary research center in vaccines and sera of all kinds, which were produced locally for the prophylaxis and treament of tetanus, diphtheria, yellow fever, smallpox and several zoonoses (diseases transmitted to humans by animals), such as the dreaded hydrophobia. The Institute came to be well known by his original nickname, the Butantan ...
See also:Vital Brazil, Vital Brazil - Life, Vital Brazil - Work, Vital Brazil - Related topic Read more here: » Vital Brazil: Encyclopedia II - Vital Brazil - Work |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Complement system - Outline The three pathways all generate homologous variants of the protease, C3-convertase. C3-convertase cleaves and activates C3, creating C3a and C3b and causing a cascade of further cleavage and activation events. C3b binds to the surface of pathogens leading to greater internalization by phagocytic cells. C5a is an important chemokine, which leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells. C5b is initiates the membrane attack pathway which results in the membrane attack complex (MAC), consisting of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and polymeric C9. MAC is the cytolytic endproduct of the complement cascade, it forms a transmembrane channel w ...
See also:Complement system, Complement system - Outline, Complement system - Classical pathway, Complement system - Alternative pathway, Complement system - Lectin pathway, Complement system - Role in disease Read more here: » Complement system: Encyclopedia II - Complement system - Outline |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Pathophysiology Investigators agree that GISTs probably arise from ICC cells (Interstitial Cajal Cells), that are normally part of the autonomic nervous system of the intestine. They serve a pacemaker function in controlling motility.
Most (50-80%) GISTs arise because of a mutation in a gene called c-kit. This gene encodes a transmembrane receptor for a growth factor termed scf (stem cell factor). The c-kit/CD117 receptor is expressed on ICCs and a large number of other cells, mainly bone marrow cells, mast cells, melanocytes and several others. In the gut, however, a mass staining ...
See also:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Signs and symptoms, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Diagnosis, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Radiology, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Pathophysiology, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Genetics, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Epidemiology, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Therapy, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - History, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Sources Read more here: » Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Encyclopedia II - Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Goodpasture's syndrome - Signs and symptoms Most patients present with both lung and kidney disease, however, some patients present with one of these diseases alone. The first lung symptoms usually develop days to months before kidney damage is evident.
Goodpasture's syndrome - Lung disease.
Lung damage may cause nothing more serious than a dry cough and minor breathlessness and such mild symptoms may last for many years before more severe ones develop. At its most serious, however, lung damage may cause severe impairment of oxygenation so that inte ...
See also:Goodpasture's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Goodpasture's syndrome - Lung disease, Goodpasture's syndrome - Kidney disease, Goodpasture's syndrome - Diagnosis, Goodpasture's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Goodpasture's syndrome - Treatment, Goodpasture's syndrome - Epidemiology, Goodpasture's syndrome - Prognosis, Goodpasture's syndrome - Milestones in Goodpasture Research Read more here: » Goodpasture's syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Goodpasture's syndrome - Signs and symptoms |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Coeliac disease - Signs and symptoms Damage to the villi reduces the ability of the intestines to absorb nutrients, and it is believed that the resulting nutritional deficiencies likely cause the wide spectrum of symptoms associated with the disorder. Coeliac disease may lead to digestive problems, such as indigestion, heartburn and irritable bowel syndrome, unexplained weight loss or other signs of nutritional deficiency due to malabsorption, and a wide range of other problems in different bodily systems, including the nervous system, the heart, and the teeth and bones.
Other symptoms can include dermatitis (an itchy rash), excessive tiredness or fatigue, a ...
See also:Coeliac disease, Coeliac disease - Signs and symptoms, Coeliac disease - Diagnosis, Coeliac disease - Tests, Coeliac disease - Biopsy appearance, Coeliac disease - Causes, Coeliac disease - Pathophysiology, Coeliac disease - Treatment, Coeliac disease - Epidemiology, Coeliac disease - Social impact, Coeliac disease - Lifelong diet, Coeliac disease - Coeliacs and the Eucharist, Coeliac disease - Coeliacs and Passover, Coeliac disease - Footnotes Read more here: » Coeliac disease: Encyclopedia II - Coeliac disease - Signs and symptoms |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Major histocompatibility complex - Molecular biology of MHC proteins The classical MHC molecules (also referred to as HLA molecules in humans) have a vital role in the complex immunological dialog that must occur between T cells and other cells of the body. At maturity, MHC molecules are anchored in the cell membrane, where they display short polypeptides to T cells, via the T cell receptors (TCRs). The polypeptides may be "self," that is, originating from a protein created by the organism itself, or they may be foreign, originating from bacteria, viruses, pollen, etc. The overarching design of the MHC-TCR in ...
See also:Major histocompatibility complex, Major histocompatibility complex - Introduction, Major histocompatibility complex - Molecular biology of MHC proteins, Major histocompatibility complex - MHC class I, Major histocompatibility complex - MHC class II, Major histocompatibility complex - MHC evolution and allelic diversity Read more here: » Major histocompatibility complex: Encyclopedia II - Major histocompatibility complex - Molecular biology of MHC proteins |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Typhoid fever - Symptoms After infection, symptoms include:
a high fever from 103° to 104°F (39° to 40°C) that rises slowly
chills
slow pulse rate (bradycardia)
weakness
diarrhea
headaches
myalgia
lack of appetite
constipation
stomach pains
in some cases, a rash of flat, rose-colored spots called "rose spots"
Extreme symptoms such as intestinal perforation or hemorrhage, ...
See also:Typhoid fever, Typhoid fever - Symptoms, Typhoid fever - Diagnosis, Typhoid fever - Treatment, Typhoid fever - Transmission, Typhoid fever - Famous victims, Typhoid fever - Athens, Typhoid fever - Mortalities, Typhoid fever - Carriers Read more here: » Typhoid fever: Encyclopedia II - Typhoid fever - Symptoms |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Milk - Cow's milk In the western world cow's milk is most often extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated; with farmers using machines that attach directly to the teats of the cow's udder to speed milking, and breeds of cattle, such as Holstein, specially bred for increased milk production.
Milk - Co ...
See also:Milk, Milk - Composition and nutrition, Milk - Cow's milk, Milk - Commercial processing of milk, Milk - Distribution, Milk - Varieties and brands, Milk - Other milk animals, Milk - Curdling Read more here: » Milk: Encyclopedia II - Milk - Cow's milk |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Multiple sclerosis - Pathophysiology Although much is known about how multiple sclerosis causes damage, the reasons why multiple sclerosis occurs are not known.
Multiple sclerosis - How multiple sclerosis causes damage.
Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the body's immune system attacks the myelin surrounding nerve cells. Myelin is a fatty substance which covers the axons of nerve cells and is important for proper nerve conduction. A special subset of white blood cells, called T cells, plays a key role in the development of MS. Under no ...
See also:Multiple sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis - Signs and symptoms, Multiple sclerosis - Diagnosis, Multiple sclerosis - Disease course and clinical subtypes, Multiple sclerosis - Factors triggering a relapse, Multiple sclerosis - Pathophysiology, Multiple sclerosis - How multiple sclerosis causes damage, Multiple sclerosis - Why multiple sclerosis occurs, Multiple sclerosis - Treatment, Multiple sclerosis - Management of acute attacks, Multiple sclerosis - Management of relapsing-remitting MS, Multiple sclerosis - Management of progressive MS, Multiple sclerosis - Management of demyelination without a diagnosis of MS, Multiple sclerosis - Management of the effects of MS, Multiple sclerosis - Therapies under investigation, Multiple sclerosis - Side effects of medications for relapsing-remitting MS, Multiple sclerosis - Prognosis, Multiple sclerosis - Epidemiology, Multiple sclerosis - History, Multiple sclerosis - Multiple sclerosis in film and television Read more here: » Multiple sclerosis: Encyclopedia II - Multiple sclerosis - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Flu season Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.
While most influenza outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere tend to peak in January or February, not all do. For example, the influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 reached peak virulence during late spring and summer ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Flu season |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Avian influenza Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source of the next pandemic.
The natural host for influenza virus is aquatic birds. Pandemic influenza often occurs when an avian-adapted virus infects a porcine host, which can be infected by human and avian varieties of influenza A virus. The virus may then recombine within the pig, to ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Avian influenza |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - History There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - History |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Symptoms The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the following symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Fatigue/Sore joints (can be extreme)
Dry cough
Sore throat
Nasal congestion
Sneezing
Irritated eyes
Body aches
Extreme coldness
Influenza's effects are much more severe, and last longer than those of the "cold". Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. Some flu pan ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Symptoms |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Genetics Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for type A if including the novel PB1-F1 protein) [2]. Each segment contains a single gene, but some can be read twice at different starting points to create two distinct proteins. The segmented nature of the genome also allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains when they cohabitate the same cell. The 8 genes are:
HA gene encoding hemagglutinin which produces about 50 ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Genetics |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Treatment Antiviral treatments that have proven effective in influenza are amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir and ribavirin. As most of these substances are expensive, various healthcare organisations and insurers only support their use where this would make a significant difference, e.g. in the elderly.
Worryingly, investigators at the CDC in Atlanta found high rates of resistance to adamantane derivatives (amantadine, rimantadine) in the H3N2 strain of influenza A: China 74%, Hong Kong (70%), Taiwan (23%), South Korea (15%) (Brig ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Treatment |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Types There are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein:
Influenza A viruses are known to infect humans, other mammals and birds (see also avian influenza)
Influenza B viruses are known to infect humans and seals
Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs [1].
The A type of influenza virus is the type most likely to cause epidemics and pandemics. This is because the influenza A virus can undergo antigenic shift and present a n ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Types |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Pasteur Institute - Pasteur Institute today Today, the Pasteur Institute is one of the world's leading research centers; it houses 100 research units and close to 2,700 people, including 500 permanent scientists and another 600 scientists visiting from 70 countries annually. The Pasteur Institute is also a global network of 24 foreign institutes devoted to medical problems in developing countries; a graduate study center and an epidemiological screening unit.
The international network is present in the following cities and countries:
Algiers, Algeria
Bangu ...
See also:Pasteur Institute, Pasteur Institute - History, Pasteur Institute - Pasteur Institute today, Pasteur Institute - Research Centers, Pasteur Institute - Teaching Center, Pasteur Institute - Epidemiological Reference Center, Pasteur Institute - Vaccines and Diagnostic Products, Pasteur Institute - Structure and Support, Pasteur Institute - Source Read more here: » Pasteur Institute: Encyclopedia II - Pasteur Institute - Pasteur Institute today |
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| | | | | antibodies: Encyclopedia II - Linus Pauling - Pauling's legacy Pauling's contribution to science is held in the utmost regard. He was included in a list of the 20 greatest scientists of all time by the British magazine New Scientist, with Albert Einstein being the only other scientist from the twentieth century on the list. Gautam R. Desiraju, the author of the Millennium Essay in Nature (408: 407, 2000) claimed that Pauling was one of the greatest thinkers and visionaries of the millennium, along with Galileo, Newton, and Einstein (PMID 11100703). Pauling is also notable for the diversity of his intere ...
See also:Linus Pauling, Linus Pauling - Early life, Linus Pauling - College and university, Linus Pauling - Marriage, Linus Pauling - Early scientific career, Linus Pauling - Work on the nature of the chemical bond, Linus Pauling - Work on biological molecules, Linus Pauling - Activism, Linus Pauling - Work in the development of the electric car, Linus Pauling - Work in alternative medicine, Linus Pauling - Pauling's legacy, Linus Pauling - Trivia, Linus Pauling - Works by Linus Pauling Read more here: » Linus Pauling: Encyclopedia II - Linus Pauling - Pauling's legacy |
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