antibodies

There exist two genes for elastase: pancreatic (ELA-1) and neutrophil (ELA-2) elastase. From recent research, it appears that of the two, ELA-1 is not transcribed into a protein [1]. The neutrophil form of elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) is 218 aminoacids long, with two asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains (see glycosylation). It is present in azurophil granules in the neutrophil cytoplasm. There appear to be ...

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Elastase, Elastase - Forms and classification, Elastase - Function, Elastase - Genetics, Elastase - Role in disease, Elastase - A1AD, Elastase - Cyclic hematopoeiesis, Elastase - Other diseases, Elastase - Sources

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Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cell precursors, circulate in the blood stream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. In the tissues monocytes mature into different types of macrophages at different anatomical locations. Monocytes are responsible for phagocytosis (ingestion) of foreign substances in the body. Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary (opsonising) proteins such as antibodies or complement that coat the pathogen, as well as by ...

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Monocyte, Monocyte - Microscopic anatomy, Monocyte - Physiology, Monocyte - Diagnostic use

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In most people (80%), infection causes no symptoms. In others, the virus causes mild flu-like symptoms known as West Nile fever. The virus is able to pass the blood-brain barrier, and the most serious effects (in 0.7% of the infected) are encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord), both of which can be fatal. Persons over 50 years of age are at higher risk of developing severe disease, the symptoms of which include fever, nausea, and changes in mental status. In rare cases (first reported October 2002), patients develop sudden-onset paralysis. Very ...

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West Nile virus, West Nile virus - Symptoms, West Nile virus - History, West Nile virus - Geographic distribution, West Nile virus - Recent outbreaks, West Nile virus - Surveillance methods, West Nile virus - Experimental treatment

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Nanobacterium sanguineum was proposed in 1998 as an explanation of certain kinds of pathologic calcification (apatite in kidney stones) by Finnish researcher Olavi Kajander and Turkish researcher Neva Ciftcioglu, working at the University of Kuopio in Finland. According to the researchers the particles self-replicated in microbiological culture, and the researchers further reported having identified a DNA sequence. Later studies by another group reached different results, suggesting peculiar yet inanimate etiology of the diseas ...

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Nanobacterium, Nanobacterium - 1996 Martian meteorite claims, Nanobacterium - 1998-2000 claims, Nanobacterium - April 2004 claims, Nanobacterium - May 2004 claims, Nanobacterium - February 2005 NASA Results, Nanobacterium - Sources

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There are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein: Influenza A viruses are known to infect humans, other mammals and birds (see also avian influenza) Influenza B viruses are known to infect humans and seals Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs [1]. The A type of influenza virus is the type most likely to cause epidemics and pandemics. This is because the influenza A virus can undergo antigenic shift and present a n ...

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Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

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During the detection process, one "probes" the membrane for the protein of interest with antibodies, and links them to a reporter enzyme, which drives a colorimetric or photometric signal. For a variety of reasons, this traditionally takes place in a two-step process, although there are now one-step detection methods available for certain applications. Western blot - Two stepSee also:

Western blot, Western blot - Tissue preparation, Western blot - Gel electrophoresis, Western blot - Transfer, Western blot - Blocking, Western blot - Detection, Western blot - Two step, Western blot - One step, Western blot - Analysis, Western blot - Colorimetric detection, Western blot - Chemiluminescence, Western blot - Radioactive detection, Western blot - Fluorescent detection, Western blot - Secondary probing

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Pathogenicity is due to two antiphagocytic antigens, named F1 and VW, both required for virulence. They are produced by the bacterium at the temperature of 37°C, so this explains why insects, such as the flea, harbor non-virulent bacteria. Furthermore, Y. pestis survive and produce F1 and VW antigens within blood cells such as monocytes, but not in polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Natural or induced immunity is achieved by the production of specific opsonic antibodies aga ...

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Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pestis - History, Yersinia pestis - Pathogenicity and immunity, Yersinia pestis - Genome, Yersinia pestis - Susceptibility, Yersinia pestis - Related topics

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To diagnose PBC, distinctions should be established from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as autoimmune hepatitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Diagnostic blood tests include: deranged liver function tests (high alkaline phosphatase, elevated AST, ALT) presence of certain antibodies: antimitochondrial antibody, antinuclear antibody (the M2-IgG antim ...

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Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary biliary cirrhosis - Signs and symptoms, Primary biliary cirrhosis - Diagnosis, Primary biliary cirrhosis - Etiology, Primary biliary cirrhosis - Therapy

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After dividing for around five days, mature B cells differentiate into either plasma B cells or memory B cells. Most plasma B cells travel to the spleen or bone marrow to secrete antibodies (approximately 1000-2000 per minute), and live for only a few days. Memory B cells tend to be longer-lived and can therefore respond quickly upon second exposure to an antigen. The class of antibody that a plasma cell produces depends on signals, called cytokines, from other immune system cells, such as macrophages and T helper cells. This process ...

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Plasma cell, Plasma cell - Overview, Plasma cell - Microscopic anatomy, Plasma cell - Role in disease

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• 30 Pierre Berton • 29 John Drew Barrymore • 26 Bill Alley • 24 Arthur Hailey • 23 Rafael Eitan • 18 Bobby Frank Cherry • 16 John Morgan • 13 Russell Jones • 12 Mike Smith • 11 Yasser Arafat • 9 Iris Chang • 9 Emlyn Hughes • 7 Howard Keel • 7 Gibson Kente • 6 Fred Dibnah • 2 Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan • 2 Theo van GoghSee also:

November 2004, November 2004 - Events, November 2004 - Deaths in November, November 2004 - Ongoing events, November 2004 - Ongoing armed conflicts, November 2004 - Election results in November, November 2004 - Ongoing trials, November 2004 - Related pages, November 2004 - November 30 2004, November 2004 - November 29 2004, November 2004 - November 28 2004, November 2004 - November 27 2004, November 2004 - November 26 2004, November 2004 - November 25 2004, November 2004 - November 24 2004, November 2004 - November 23 2004, November 2004 - November 22 2004, November 2004 - November 21 2004, November 2004 - November 20 2004, November 2004 - November 19 2004, November 2004 - November 18 2004, November 2004 - November 17 2004, November 2004 - November 16 2004, November 2004 - November 15 2004, November 2004 - November 14 2004, November 2004 - November 13 2004, November 2004 - November 12 2004, November 2004 - November 11 2004, November 2004 - November 10 2004, November 2004 - November 9 2004, November 2004 - November 8 2004, November 2004 - November 7 2004, November 2004 - November 6 2004, November 2004 - November 5 2004, November 2004 - November 4 2004, November 2004 - November 3 2004, November 2004 - November 2 2004, November 2004 - November 1 2004, November 2004 - Events by month, November 2004 - News collections and sources

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Phosphorylation - Function. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation is probably the most important regulatory event. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by various specific protein kinases, whereas phosphatases dephosphorylate. An example of the important role that phosphorylation plays is the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which—when active—stimulates transcription of genes that suppress the cell c ...

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Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation - Protein phosphorylation, Phosphorylation - Function, Phosphorylation - Signaling networks, Phosphorylation - Types of phosphorylation, Phosphorylation - Other kinds

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Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence and quantity of this substance, for instance in a Western blot test (to detect a substance in a solution) or an immunofluorescence test (to detect a substance in a whole cell). Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to purify a substance with techniques called immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography. In medicinal treatments, the small variation (if any) in recognizing the antigen helps to reduce side effects. However, t ...

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Monoclonal antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies - Production, Monoclonal antibodies - Applications, Monoclonal antibodies - Monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment, Monoclonal antibodies - Chimeric and humanized antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies - FDA approved monoclonal antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies - Discovery

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Macrophage - Phagocytosis. Their main role is the removal of pathogens and necrotic debris. The latter function is more important in chronic inflammation. The early stages of inflammation are dominated by neutrophil granulocytes, which are ingested by macrophages if they come of age, see CD-31 for a description of this proccess.) Macrophages also present fragments of pathogens (called antigens) that they have ingested with MHC class II molecules on their cell membranes. Helper T cells recognize this and re ...

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Macrophage, Macrophage - Origin, Macrophage - Function, Macrophage - Phagocytosis, Macrophage - Activation, Macrophage - Role in disease, Macrophage - Macrophage relatives

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Jacques Benveniste - Unusual conditions. Nature agreed to publish Benveniste's article in June 1988 with several conditions, and printed an editorial titled "When to believe the unbelievable" in the same issue of the journal. The first condition was that Benveniste obtain confirmation of his results from other labs. The second, in response to an invitation from Benveniste, was that a team be allowed to investigate his lab. Not since a 1974 article on Uri Geller had Nature imposed the third condition ...

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Jacques Benveniste, Jacques Benveniste - Nature publication and investigation, Jacques Benveniste - Unusual conditions, Jacques Benveniste - A critical investigation, Jacques Benveniste - Benveniste fights back, Jacques Benveniste - Attempts to replicate Benveniste's results, Jacques Benveniste - Ovelgonne et al, Jacques Benveniste - Hirst et al, Jacques Benveniste - Josephson and the APA, Jacques Benveniste - BBC Horizon, Jacques Benveniste - Ennis et al, Jacques Benveniste - INSERM, Jacques Benveniste - Benveniste and homeopathy

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The throat of the patient is swabbed for culture or for a rapid strep test (5 to 10 min) which can be done in the doctor's office. A rapid test tests for the presence of typical bacterial antigens in the swab, which are detected by specific antibodies provided in the kit. If the rapid test is negative (=normal), a follow-up culture (which takes 24 to 48 h) may be performed. A negative culture suggests a viral infection, in which case antibiotic tre ...

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Strep throat, Strep throat - Symptoms, Strep throat - Transmission, Strep throat - Diagnosis, Strep throat - Treatment

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What happens to a sample after it has been taken varies between localities and labs, but it will usually start with a set of samples and a request form. Typically a set of vacutainer tubes containing blood, or any other specimen will arrive to a laboratory in a small plastic bag, along with the form. The form and the specimens are given a laboratory number. The specimens will usually all receive the same number, often as a sticker that can be placed on the tubes and form. Sometimes different departments use different numbering ...

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Medical laboratory, Medical laboratory - Departments, Medical laboratory - Types of laboratory, Medical laboratory - Sample processing

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In patients who use insulin, "insulin resistance" is production of antibodies against insulin that lead to lower-than-expected falls of glucose levels (glycemia) after a given dose of insulin. Insulin resistance denotes decreased sensitivity of target cells (muscle, fat cells) to insulin. It is the metabolic cause of the very common "metabolic syndrome", which is the clustering of diabetes mellitus (type 2), hypertension, combined hyperlipidemia and central obesity in patients. It also underlies most processes behind the metaboli ...

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Insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Pathophysiology, Insulin resistance - Investigation, Insulin resistance - Glucose tolerance testing GTT, Insulin resistance - Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, Insulin resistance - Alternatives, Insulin resistance - Causes of insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Therapy, Insulin resistance - History, Insulin resistance - Sources

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Symptoms. Initial symptoms are flu-like and may include: fever, myalgia, lethargy, gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, sore throat and other non-specific symptoms. The only symptom that is common to all patients appears to be a fever above 38 °C (100.4 °F). Shortness of breath may occur later. Symptoms usually appear 2–10 days following exposure, but up to 13 days has been reported. In most cases symptoms appear within 2–3 days. About 10–20% of cases require mechanical ventilation.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Outbreak in the People's Republic of China, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Spread to other countries, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Clinical information, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Symptoms, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Physical signs, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Investigations, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Diagnostic tests, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Diagnosis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Mortality rate, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Treatment, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Current state of etiologic knowledge, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Mapping the genetic code of viruses linked to SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Action implemented to restrict the outbreak of SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Political and economic reaction, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Accusations of racial discrimination, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Laboratory mishandling

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The World Health Organization collects information on global deaths by International Classification of Disease (ICD) code categories. The following table lists the top infectious disease killers which caused more than 100,000 deaths in 2002 (estimated). 1993 data is also included for comparison. Lower respiratory infections HIV/AIDS Diarrheal diseases Tuberculosis (TB) Malaria Measles Pertussis ...

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Infectious disease, Infectious disease - Basics, Infectious disease - Agents and vectors, Infectious disease - Mortality from infectious diseases, Infectious disease - Historic pandemics, Infectious disease - New diseases and pandemics, Infectious disease - Diagnosis and therapy, Infectious disease - Diagnosis, Infectious disease - Therapy, Infectious disease - History, Infectious disease - External link

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Inflammation has two main components - cellular and exudative. The exudative component involves the movement of fluid, usually containing many important proteins such as fibrin and immunoglobulins (antibodies). Blood vessels are dilated upstream of an infection (causing redness and heat) and constricted downstream while capillary permeability to the affected tissue is increased, resulting in a net loss of blood plasma into the tissue - giving rise to edema or swelling. The swelling distends the tissues, ...

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Inflammation, Inflammation - Characteristics, Inflammation - Leukocytes and cytokines, Inflammation - Outcomes, Inflammation - Systemic inflammation, Inflammation - Sepsis, Inflammation - Low-grade, Inflammation - Inflammation examples

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Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon to Herman Henry William Pauling (1876-1910) of Concordia, Missouri; and Lucy Isabelle Darling (1881-1926) of Lonerock, Oregon. Herman was an unsuccessful druggist who moved his family to and from a number of different cities in Oregon from 1903 to 1909, finally returning to Portland that year. Herman died in 1910 of a perforated ulcer, and Isabelle was left to care for Linus and two younger siblings: Pauline Pauling (1901-1986) who married Thomas Joseph Ney (1881-1963) of Millville, New J ...

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Linus Pauling, Linus Pauling - Early life, Linus Pauling - College and university, Linus Pauling - Marriage, Linus Pauling - Early scientific career, Linus Pauling - Work on the nature of the chemical bond, Linus Pauling - Work on biological molecules, Linus Pauling - Activism, Linus Pauling - Work in the development of the electric car, Linus Pauling - Work in alternative medicine, Linus Pauling - Pauling's legacy, Linus Pauling - Trivia, Linus Pauling - Works by Linus Pauling

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The combination of the symptoms and a routine blood film often lead to the detection of schistocytes (fragmented red cells) and "helmet cells" on the blood film. This is indicative of breakdown of red blood cells through factors in the small blood vessels. Other tests to be performed are reticulocyte counts, lactate dehydrogenase, direct antiglobulin test (DAT/Coombs' test), renal function (creatinine), electrolytes and liver enzymes. Very high LDH levels may be present; these mainly originate from ...

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Signs and symptoms, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Diagnosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Causes, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Idiopathic TTP, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Secondary TTP, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Upshaw-Shulman syndrome, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Treatment, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Epidemiology, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Prognosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - History

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