antibodies - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Lamprey: Encyclopedia - Lamprey
Geotriinae Mordaciinae Petromyzontinae A lamprey is a jawless fish with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth, with which most species bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia - Immune System
The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastrointestinal Tract: Encyclopedia - Gastrointestinal Tract
The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breastfeeding: Encyclopedia - Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is the process of a woman feeding an infant or young child with milk produced from her breasts, usually directly from the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asthma: Encyclopedia - Asthma
Asthma is a disease of the human respiratory system in which the airways narrow, often in response to a “trigger” such as exposure to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia - Influenza
Influenza (or as it is commonly known, the flu or the grippe) is a contagious disease of the upper airways and the lungs, caused by an RN...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Milk: Encyclopedia - Milk
Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multiple Sclerosis: Encyclopedia - Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. MS can cause a variety of symptoms, including change...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Typhoid Fever: Encyclopedia - Typhoid Fever
This is about the disease typhoid fever. See typhus for an unrelated disease with a similar name. Typhoid fever is an illness caused by t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muscle: Encyclopedia - Muscle
Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. It is one of the four major tissue types, the other three being epithelium, connective tissue and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2001 Anthrax Attacks: Encyclopedia - 2001 Anthrax Attacks
The 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States occurred over the course of several weeks beginning on September 18, 2001 (after the Septem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yersinia Pestis: Encyclopedia - Yersinia Pestis
Yersinia pestis bacterium, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the infectious agent of bubonic plague, and can also cause p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - West Nile Virus: Encyclopedia - West Nile Virus
West Nile virus is a virus of the family Flaviviridae, found in both tropical and temperate regions. It mainly infects birds, but is kno...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasculitis: Encyclopedia - Vasculitis
In medicine, vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of diseases featuring inflammation of the wall of blood vessels. Its main cause...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytomegalovirus: Encyclopedia - Cytomegalovirus
see text Cytomegalovirus (CMV), is a genus of Herpes viruses; in humans the species is known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). It belongs t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dairy Cattle: Encyclopedia - Dairy Cattle
Dairy cattle, generally of the species Bos taurus, are domesticated animals bred to produce large quantities of milk. Dairy cattle - Ter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell-mediated Immunity: Encyclopedia - Cell-mediated Immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and natur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sterilization Surgical Procedure: Encyclopedia - Sterilization Surgical Procedure
Sterilization is a surgical technique leaving a male or female unable to procreate. It is a method of birth control. A vasectomy in male...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venom Poison: Encyclopedia - Venom Poison
"Venom" is a general term for the poisons used by several groups of animal species, for the purpose of defense and hunting prey. Most wid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colostrum: Encyclopedia - Colostrum
Colostrum (also known as beestings or first milk) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and the first two we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Blood Cell: Encyclopedia - White Blood Cell
White blood cells (also called leukocytes or immune cells) are a component of blood. They help to defend the body against infectious dise...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Complement System: Encyclopedia - Complement System
The complement system is derived from many small plasma proteins that form the complex biochemical cascade of the immune system, leading ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine
The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is a chemical transmit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Major Histocompatibility Complex: Encyclopedia - Major Histocompatibility Complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates containing many genes with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Blot: Encyclopedia - Western Blot
A western blot (a.k.a immunoblot) is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry to detect protein in a given sample of tissue homogenate ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coeliac Disease: Encyclopedia - Coeliac Disease
Coeliac disease (also called celiac disease, non-tropical sprue, c(o)eliac sprue and gluten intolerance) is a digestive disorder. It is c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Type: Encyclopedia - Blood Type
A blood type is a description of an individual's characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiviral Drug: Encyclopedia - Antiviral Drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Film: Encyclopedia - Blood Film
A blood film or peripheral blood smear is a slide made from a drop of blood, that allows the cells to be examined. Blood films are usuall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virology: Encyclopedia - Virology
Virology is the study of viruses and their properties. Virology is both the study of how a virus can affect a cell, and the biological an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mosquito: Encyclopedia - Mosquito
See text. The mosquito is a member of the family Culicidae; these insects have a pair of scaled wings, a pair of halteres, a slender body...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine Receptor: Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine Receptor
An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Transfusion: Encyclopedia - Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Complement: Encyclopedia - Complement
The word complement (with an e in the second syllable, not to be confused with a different word, compliment with an i) has a number of us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Four Humours: Encyclopedia - Four Humours
In traditional medicine practiced before the advent of modern technology, the four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioterrorism: Encyclopedia - Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally-occurring or human-modified toxin or biological...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidote: Encyclopedia - Antidote
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia - Antihistamine
An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adenoid: Encyclopedia - Adenoid
Adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are folds of lymphatic tissue covered by ciliated epithelium. They are found in the roof and posterior w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antivenom: Encyclopedia - Antivenom
Antivenom (or antivenin, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites. It is created by injecting a sma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antigen: Encyclopedia - Antigen
An antigen is a substance that stimulates an immune response, especially the production of antibodies. Antigens are usually proteins or p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hepatitis: Encyclopedia - Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a gastroenterological disease, featuring inflammation of the liver. The clinical signs and prognosis, as well as the therapy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiserum: Encyclopedia - Antiserum
Antiserum is blood serum containing antibodies. Antiserum is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases. Other related archivesan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bell's Palsy: Encyclopedia - Bell's Palsy
Bell's palsy (facial palsy) is characterised by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Autoimmune Diseases: Encyclopedia - Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - B Cell: Encyclopedia - B Cell
B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). The abbr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avian Influenza: Encyclopedia - Avian Influenza
Avian influenza (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu) is a flu due to a type of influenza...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Antiphospholipid Syndrome - Signs And Symptoms
The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) is suggested by thrombosis (arterial or venous) and recurrent miscarriage (especially...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypersensitivity: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypersensitivity - Type I - Immediate Hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity is an allergy reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific antigen. Exposure may be by ingestion, inhalation, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2005 Dengue Outbreak In Singapore: Encyclopedia Ii - 2005 Dengue Outbreak In Singapore - Preventive Measures
Singapore launched a number of measures to contain the dengue outbreak, including public awareness campaigns and regular fogging with ins...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - Diagnosis
When measuring the platelet count, one has to bear in mind that the "normal values" for laboratory measures are all statistical. They are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Borna Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Borna Disease - Borna Virus
The causative agent of Borna disease, Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic virus and is the sole member of the Bornaviridae family ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Blood Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - White Blood Cell - Types
There are three major types of white blood cells. White blood cell - Granulocytes. Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells, ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Transfusion: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Transfusion - History
Roman Catholic authors take pains to discredit the contemporary chronicler Stefano Infessura's story of Innocent VIII's deathbed. In 1492...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hyperthyroidism: Encyclopedia Ii - Hyperthyroidism - Treatment
The major and generally accepted modalities for treatment of hyperthyroidism in humans are: Hyperthyroidism - Surgery. Surgery (to remo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome - The Syndromes
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 1. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 1 is also known as the candidiasis-hypoparathyroidi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hemolytic Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Hemolytic Anemia - Overview
Normally, a red blood cell survives 90 to 120 days in circulation: about 1% of human red blood cells break down each day, which matches t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Infectious Mononucleosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Infectious Mononucleosis - Symptoms And Physical Signs
A person can be infected with the virus for weeks or months before any symptoms begin to appear. Symptoms usually begin to appear 4-7 wee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asthma: Encyclopedia Ii - Asthma - Treatment
The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hiv Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Test - Antibody Tests
Antibody tests are specifically designed for the routine testing of HIV in adults, are inexpensive, and are very accurate. If a person do...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Autoimmune Diseases: Encyclopedia Ii - Autoimmune Diseases - Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases - Accepted. Diseases with a complete or partial autoimmune etiology: Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bow...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Guillain-barré Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Guillain-barré Syndrome - Overview
The pathologic hallmark of the disease is loss of myelin in peripheral nerves due to an acute and progressive inflammation of unknown cau...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heroin: Encyclopedia Ii - Heroin - Production And Trafficking
Heroin - Manufacturing. Heroin is produced for the black market through opium refinement processes. Unlike drugs such as LSD, the produ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Hypothyroidism: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Hypothyroidism - Causes
Around the world, the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency, but in most of the developed world and areas o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asthma: Encyclopedia Ii - Asthma - Treatment
The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coombs Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Coombs Test - Indirect Coombs Test
Also known as the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). This is a two stage test. The first stage Washed test red blood cells (RBCs) are incu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Transmission Of Hiv: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminal Transmission Of Hiv - The Legal Political And Social Problems
The initial stages of HIV-positive are asymptomatic for periods usually exceeding one year. A person who engages in sexual activity or do...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Milk: Encyclopedia Ii - Milk - Cow's Milk
In the Western world, cow's milk is most often extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. It is the most...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breastfeeding: Encyclopedia Ii - Breastfeeding - History Of Breastfeeding
In the early years of the human species, breastfeeding was as common as it was for other mammals feeding their young. There were no alter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastrointestinal Tract: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastrointestinal Tract - Physiology
Gastrointestinal tract - Digestion and excretion. Main articles: Digestion, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Major Histocompatibility Complex: Encyclopedia Ii - Major Histocompatibility Complex - Molecular Biology Of Mhc Proteins
The classical MHC molecules (also referred to as HLA molecules in humans) have a vital role in the complex immunological dialog that must...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gene Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Gene Therapy - Vectors In Gene Therapy
Viruses attack their hosts to insert their genetic material into the genetic material of the host. This genetic material contains instruc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Graves-basedow Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Graves-basedow Disease - Treatment
Medical treatment of Graves disease includes antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine and thyroidectomy (surgical excision of the gland). G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bundaberg Queensland: Encyclopedia Ii - Bundaberg Queensland - Bundaberg Public Health Problems
Bundaberg has attracted much national media attention in 2005 due to the alleged incompetence of a surgical director, Jayant Patel, who h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2001 Anthrax Attacks: Encyclopedia Ii - 2001 Anthrax Attacks - Timeline
2001 anthrax attacks - The attacks. September 11, 2001 attacks September 17 or September 18: Attack #1 - Five anthrax letters are be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coeliac Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Coeliac Disease - Signs And Symptoms
Damage to the villi reduces the ability of the intestines to absorb nutrients, and it is believed that the resulting nutritional deficien...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ferret: Encyclopedia Ii - Ferret - Ferrets As Pets
In many ways, ferrets act like kittens that never grow up. They have energy, curiosity, and potential for chaos all their lives, and are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlamydophila Pneumoniae: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlamydophila Pneumoniae - Pneumonia Caused By Chlamydophila Pneumoniae
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia around the world. Chlamydophila pneumoniae is typically acquired by otherwise hea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immunology: Encyclopedia Ii - Immunology - Classical Immunology
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - H5n1: Encyclopedia Ii - H5n1 - Technical
H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated[7] through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic var...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transplant Rejection: Encyclopedia Ii - Transplant Rejection - Types Of Rejection
Transplant rejection - Hyperacute rejection. Hyperacute rejection is a complement-mediated response in recipients with pre-existing ant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venom Poison: Encyclopedia Ii - Venom Poison - Snake Venom
Snake venom is produced by glands below the eye and delivered to the victim through tubular or channelled fangs. Snake poisons contain a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muscle: Encyclopedia Ii - Muscle - Types
There are three general types of muscle: Cardiac muscle is a specialized kind of muscle found only within the heart. It cannot get tired...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myasthenia Gravis: Encyclopedia Ii - Myasthenia Gravis - Diagnosis
Myasthenia can be a difficult diagnosis, as the symptoms can be subtle and hard to distinguish from both normal variants and other neurol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multiple Myeloma: Encyclopedia Ii - Multiple Myeloma - Diagnosis
Multiple myeloma - Investigations. The existence of unexplained anemia, kidney dysfunction, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elastase: Encyclopedia Ii - Elastase - Forms And Classification
There exist two genes for elastase: pancreatic (ELA-1) and neutrophil (ELA-2) elastase. From recent research, it appears that of the two,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monocyte: Encyclopedia Ii - Monocyte - Physiology
Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cell precursors, circulate in the blood stream for about one to three ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - West Nile Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - West Nile Virus - Symptoms
In most people (80%), infection causes no symptoms. In others, the virus causes mild flu-like symptoms known as West Nile fever. The viru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nanobacterium: Encyclopedia Ii - Nanobacterium - 1998-2000 Claims
Nanobacterium sanguineum was proposed in 1998 as an explanation of certain kinds of pathologic calcification (apatite in kidney stones) b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Types
There are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein: Influenza A viruses ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Blot: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Blot - Detection
During the detection process, one "probes" the membrane for the protein of interest with antibodies, and links them to a reporter enzyme,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yersinia Pestis: Encyclopedia Ii - Yersinia Pestis - Pathogenicity And Immunity
Pathogenicity is due to two antiphagocytic antigens, named F1 and VW, both required for virulence. They are produced by the bacterium at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Diagnosis
To diagnose PBC, distinctions should be established from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as autoimmune hepatitis or primary ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cell - Overview
After dividing for around five days, mature B cells differentiate into either plasma B cells or memory B cells. Most plasma B cells trave...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - November 2004: Encyclopedia Ii - November 2004 - Events
• 30 Pierre Berton • 29 John Drew Barrymore • 26 Bill Alley • 24 Arthur Hailey • 23 Rafael Eitan • 18 Bobby Frank Cherry • ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorylation: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorylation - Protein Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation - Function. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation is probably the most important regulatory event. Many enzymes and re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monoclonal Antibodies: Encyclopedia Ii - Monoclonal Antibodies - Applications
Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence and quantity of this substan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macrophage: Encyclopedia Ii - Macrophage - Function
Macrophage - Phagocytosis. Their main role is the removal of pathogens and necrotic debris. The latter function is more important in ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Benveniste: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Benveniste - Nature Publication And Investigation
Jacques Benveniste - Unusual conditions. Nature agreed to publish Benveniste's article in June 1988 with several conditions, and printe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strep Throat: Encyclopedia Ii - Strep Throat - Diagnosis
The throat of the patient is swabbed for culture or for a rapid strep test (5 to 10 min) which can be done in the doctor's office. A rapi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medical Laboratory: Encyclopedia Ii - Medical Laboratory - Sample Processing
What happens to a sample after it has been taken varies between localities and labs, but it will usually start with a set of samples and ...   » Read the article