Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. A primary trait that traditionally distinguished anthropology from other humanistic disciplines is an emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons. This distinction has, however, become increasingly the subject of controversy and debate, with anthropological methods now bein ...

Including:

• Anthropology - Historical and institutional context
• Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S.
• Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain
• Anthropology - Anthropology in France
• Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two
• Anthropology - Politics of anthropology
• Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Anthropology in France

Anthropology in the United States was pioneered by staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology, such as John Wesley Powell and Frank Hamilton Cushing. Academic Anthropology was established by Franz Boas, who used his positions at Columbia University and the American Museum of Natural History to train and develop multiple generations of students. Boasian anthropology was politically active and suspicious of research dictated by the U.S. government or wealthy patrons. It was also rigorou ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S.

While this was an interesting experiment that demonstrated the seaworthiness of Heyerdahl's raft, his theory of the Polynesians' origins is now widely discounted by anthropologists. Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from southeast Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most ...

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Kon-Tiki, Kon-Tiki - Crew, Kon-Tiki - Anthropology, Kon-Tiki - Popular culture

Read more here: » Kon-Tiki: Encyclopedia II - Kon-Tiki - Anthropology

Philo regards the physical nature of man as something defective and as an obstacle to his development that can never be fully surmounted, but still as something indispensable in view of the nature of his being. With the body the necessity for food arises, as Philo explains in various allegories. The body, however, is also of advantage to the spirit, since the spirit arrives at its knowledge of the world by means of the five senses. But higher and more important is the spiritual nature of man. This nature has a twofold tendency: one toward the sensual and earthly, which Philo calls sensibility (αἴσϑησις), and one toward the spiritu ...

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Philo, Philo - Biography, Philo - Influence of Hellenism, Philo - Knowledge of Hebrew, Philo - Exegesis, Philo - Stoic influence, Philo - Attitude toward literal meaning, Philo - Numbers, Philo - Cosmology, Philo - Anthropology, Philo - Ethics, Philo - Views on virtue

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Bone recovered from archaeological sites can be analysed isotopically for information regarding diet and migration. Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition are used to reconstruct diet, and oxygen isotopes are used to determine geographic origin. To obtain an accurate picture of palaeodiets, it is important to understand processes of diagenesis that may affect the original isotopic signal ...

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Isotope analysis, Isotope analysis - Anthropology, Isotope analysis - Archaeology, Isotope analysis - Ecology, Isotope analysis - Geology, Isotope analysis - Forensics, Isotope analysis - Hydrology, Isotope analysis - Paleoclimatology, Isotope analysis - Photosynthesis

Read more here: » Isotope analysis: Encyclopedia II - Isotope analysis - Anthropology

By his own account, Robert Ardrey was not a professional anthropologist or scientist of any kind. His background is in drama. In the African Genesis, the book which earned him most of his fame, he makes it clear that his intention is to use his narrative talent on some of his favorite scientific ideas. In the academic setting, this theory of aggression was proposed by Washburn and Lancaster, and refuted by Sally Slocum. Ardrey's African Genesis (1961), along with another book, On Aggression by ethologist Konrad Lorenz, were popularizations of ...

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Robert Ardrey, Robert Ardrey - Personal, Robert Ardrey - Anthropology, Robert Ardrey - Bibliography, Robert Ardrey - Plays and screenplays, Robert Ardrey - Plays, Robert Ardrey - Screenplays, Robert Ardrey - Prizes and awards

Read more here: » Robert Ardrey: Encyclopedia II - Robert Ardrey - Anthropology

The Oghuz Turks are considered by some historians as genetically, culturally and linguistically "the purest of Turks". According to Lev Gumilev in his accredited work entitled 1,000 Years Around the Caspian, the Oghuz in the anthropological ("racial") category were Caucasoid (Europoid). The majority of today's Oghuz Turks have light to dark skin tones and dark hair and eye colors, while lighter Europoid features including very light skin tones, blondish/brownish/reddish hair colors and light eye colors are evident in Azerbaijan ...

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Oghuz Turks, Oghuz Turks - Name, Oghuz Turks - Origins, Oghuz Turks - Anthropology, Oghuz Turks - Social Unit, Oghuz Turks - Homeland in Transoxiana, Oghuz Turks - Dynasties, Oghuz Turks - Turcoman & Turkmen, Oghuz Turks - Literature

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Racially, Nords are of above average human intellect, according to standard Mage’s Guild tests of intelligence; out-competing Cyrodiils and Redguards in most areas of intelligence, although Cyrodiils are more competent with matters of economic importance, as well as having a superior grasp of political issues, and being much more socially inclined as a people of trade and commerce, than the individualistic Nords, it is often suggested that Cyrodiils have a greater proclivity towards intuitive social judgments, probably indicating a greater ...

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Nord Elder Scrolls, Nord Elder Scrolls - History, Nord Elder Scrolls - Society, Nord Elder Scrolls - Anthropology, Nord Elder Scrolls - Trivia

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Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political problems arise simply because anthropologists usually have more power than the people they study. Some have argued that the discipline is a form of colonialist theft in which the anthropologist gains power at the expense of subjects. The anthropologist, they argue, can gain yet more power by exploiting knowledge and artifacts of the people he studies while the people he studies gain nothing, or even lose, ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Politics of anthropology

Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political problems arise simply because anthropologists usually have more power than the people they study. Some have argued that the discipline is a form of colonialist theft in which the anthropologist gains power at the expense of subjects. The anthropologist, they argue, can gain yet more power by exploiting knowledge and artifacts of the people she or he studies while the people she or he studies gain nothing, ...

See also:

Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Politics of anthropology

Cyber Anthropology is a field of Anthropology dealing primarily with computers in human society. Other related archivesAnthropology, computers

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Applied anthropology is a subdiscipline of cultural anthropology that tries to use the practices and theory of anthropology to solve immediate problems about human beings and their culture. Applied Anthropology is the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess and solve contemporary social problems. Applied anthropologists work for nonacademic clients such as governments, development agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), tribal and ethnic associations, inte ...

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Cultural anthropology, also called social anthropology or socio-cultural anthropology, forms one of four commonly-recognized fields of anthropology, the holistic study of humanity. It is the branch of anthropology that has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept; it is also the branch of anthropology that studies cultural variation among humans. The anthropological concept of "culture reflects in part a reaction against earlier Western discourses based on an opposition between "culture" and "n ...

Including:

• Cultural anthropology - A brief history
• Cultural anthropology - Contemporary Theory and Methods

Read more here: » Cultural anthropology: Encyclopedia - Cultural anthropology

The Anthropological Society of London was founded in 1863 by Richard Francis Burton and Dr. James Hunt. It broke away from the existing Ethnological Society of London, founded in 1842, and defined itself in opposition to the older society. The Anthropological Society, Hunt proclaimed, would concern itself with the collection of facts and the identification of natural laws that explained the diversity of humankind. It would also cast its intellectual nets more broad ...

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Visual anthropology is a subfield of sociocultural anthropology that developed out of the theory and practice of ethnographic photography, film and since the mid-1990s, new media. It also encompasses the anthropological study of representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual anthropology - History. The origins of visual anthropology are located in the invention and application of photographic technologies to the study of human cultur ...

Including:

• Visual anthropology - History
• Visual anthropology - Ethnographic and anthropological films
• Visual anthropology - Visual anthropology programs

Read more here: » Visual anthropology: Encyclopedia - Visual anthropology

Physical anthropology, sometimes called "biological anthropology", studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. See also: Race. Physical anthropology developed in the 19th century, prior to the rise of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, also known as the theory of evolution, and Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics. Physical anthropology was so called because all of its data was physical ...

Including:

• Physical anthropology - Branches
• Physical anthropology - Renowned paleoanthropologists

Read more here: » Physical anthropology: Encyclopedia - Physical anthropology

Typology in anthropology is the division of culture by races. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different cultures into "races," (e.g. negroid, caucasoid, mongoloid). This approach focused on a small number of traits that are readily observable from a distance such as skin color, hair form, body build, and stature. The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on some small number of traits. This assumptio ...

Including:

• Typology anthropology - Notes

Read more here: » Typology anthropology: Encyclopedia - Typology anthropology

American Anthropological Association (AAA) was founded in 1902 and claims to be, "the world's largest professional organization of individuals interested in anthropology". Although there were several other American anthropological societies in existence at the turn of the 20th century, this new, national organization was formed "to promote the science of anthropology, to stimulate and coordinate the efforts of American anthropologists, to foster local and other societies devoted to anthropology, to serve as a bond among America ...

Read more here: » American Anthropological Association: Encyclopedia - American Anthropological Association

Anthropological linguistics is the study of language through human genetics and human development. This strongly overlaps the field of linguistic anthropology, which is the branch of anthropology that studies humans through the languages that they use. Whatever one calls it, this field has had a major impact in the studies of visual perception (especially colour) and bioregional democracy, both of which are concerned with distinctions ...

Including:

• Anthropological linguistics - Related fields
• Anthropological linguistics - Recent work

Read more here: » Anthropological linguistics: Encyclopedia - Anthropological linguistics