The ontological argument was first proposed by Anselm in Chapter 2 of the Proslogion. While Anselm did not propose an ontological system, he was very much concerned with the nature of being. He argued that there are necessary beings – things that cannot not exist – and contingent beings – things that may or may not exist, but whose existence is not necessary. Anselm presents the ontological argument as part of a prayer directed to God. He starts with a definition of God, or a necessary assumption about the nature of God, or perhaps both. "Now we believe that [the Lord] is som ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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Obviously Anselm thought this argument was valid and persuasive, and it still has occasional defenders, but many, perhaps most, contemporary philosophers believe that the ontological argument, at least as Anselm articulated it, does not stand up to strict logical scrutiny. Some of those who have argued that the ontological argument fails are content to leave it at that, either because they do not believe that God exists, or because they believe the existence of God is demonstrated on other grounds. Others, like Gottfried Leibniz, Norman Malcolm, Charles Hartshorne, Kurt Gödel and Alvin Plantinga have ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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In order to understand the place this argument has in the history of philosophy, it is important to understand the essence of the argument in the context of the Influence of Hellenic philosophy on Christianity. First, it is important to realize that Anselm's argument stemmed from the philosophical school of Realism. Realism was the dominant philosophical school of Anselm's day. According to Realism, and in contrast to Nominalism, things such as "greenness" and "bigness" were known as universals, which had a real existence outside the ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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Here's a short, and very general description of the ontological argument: 1) God is the greatest possible being and thus possesses all perfections. 2) Existence is a perfection. 3) God exists. This is a shorter modern version of the argument. Anselm framed the argument as a reductio ad absurdum wherein he tried to show that the assumption that God does not exist leads to a logical contradiction. The following steps more closely follow Anselm's line of reasoning: 1) God is the entity t ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island. One of the earliest recorded objections to Anselm's argument was raised by one of Anselm's contemporaries, Gaunilo. Gaunilo invited his readers to think of the greatest, or most perfect, conceivable island. As a matter of fact, it is likely that no such island actually exists. However, his argument would then say that we aren't thinking of the greatest conceivable island, because the greatest conceivable island would exist, as well as having all ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ontological argument: Encyclopedia II - Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections

Descartes composed a number of ontological arguments which differed from Anselm's formulation in important ways. Generally speaking, it is less a formal argument than a natural intuition. Descartes wrote in the Fifth Meditation: But if the mere fact that I can produce from my thought the idea of something entails that everything which I clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to that thing really does belong to it, is not this a possible basis for another argument to prove the existence of God? Certainly, the idea of Go ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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Alvin Plantinga has given us a another version of the argument, one where the conclusion follows from the premises, assuming axiom S5 of modal logic. A version of his argument is as follows: By definition a maximally great being is one that exists necessarily and necessarily is omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good. (Premise) Possibly a maximally great being exists. (Premise) Therefore, possibly it is necessarily true that an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good being exists (By 1 and 2) There ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ontological argument: Encyclopedia II - Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion

Elom is home to Eloms and the Elomin. For centuries, the two species lived unknown to one another, with Eloms living deep underground to access the planet's natural springs, and the Elomin living a technologically advanced life on the surface. Eloms are primitive and peaceful, and evolved on the surface in times long passed. Only later did they adapt to subterranean life, evolving larger claws for digging and acquiring an extreme sensitivity to bright light. They live in communities called cseria, ...

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List of Star Wars planets E-G, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elom, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elrood, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Empress Teta, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Endor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ennth, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ergo, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eriadu, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Esseles, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Etti IV, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Exodo II, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Falleen, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Felucia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fest, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fondor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Foundry, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Frego, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fresia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Froz, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gala, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galantos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galidraan, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gallinore, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gamorr, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gand, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Garqi, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Generis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Genesia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gentes, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gerona, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Geonosis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gestron, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ghorman, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Glee Anselm, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gorsh, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gravlex Med, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Grizmallt, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gyndine

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Empress Teta is a planet in the Empress Teta System. Formerly known as Koros Major, it was renamed after Empress Teta, who in 5,000 BBY unified all the planets in the system. Since the capital city of Cinnagar covers more than half the planet, the planet itself is also often referred to as Cinnagar. After the Battle of Endor and the fall of the Galactic Empire, several Imperial generals fled to Empress Teta in hopes of escaping Luke Skywalker's Jedi that would come for them. They resided there for many years, where they whiled ...

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List of Star Wars planets E-G, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elom, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elrood, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Empress Teta, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Endor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ennth, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ergo, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eriadu, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Esseles, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Etti IV, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Exodo II, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Falleen, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Felucia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fest, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fondor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Foundry, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Frego, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fresia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Froz, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gala, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galantos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galidraan, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gallinore, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gamorr, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gand, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Garqi, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Generis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Genesia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gentes, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gerona, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Geonosis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gestron, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ghorman, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Glee Anselm, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gorsh, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gravlex Med, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Grizmallt, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gyndine

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Fest is the primary planet in the Fest System. The planet is ravaged by civil war both among its inhabitants and against Mantooine. The Festians were rebellious to the Empire and knew that it was about to attack Mantooine, but the distrust for each other, coupled with a lack of communications facilities, prevented them from warning the other planet. Fest is dominated by steep mountain ranges and deep valleys. The planet appears in two Star Wars games. In Star Wars: Dark Forces, in a rocky and cliffy region there is an Im ...

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List of Star Wars planets E-G, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elom, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elrood, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Empress Teta, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Endor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ennth, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ergo, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eriadu, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Esseles, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Etti IV, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Exodo II, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Falleen, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Felucia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fest, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fondor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Foundry, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Frego, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fresia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Froz, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gala, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galantos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galidraan, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gallinore, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gamorr, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gand, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Garqi, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Generis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Genesia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gentes, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gerona, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Geonosis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gestron, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ghorman, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Glee Anselm, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gorsh, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gravlex Med, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Grizmallt, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gyndine

Read more here: » List of Star Wars planets E-G: Encyclopedia II - List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fest

Geonosis, seen in Episode II, is the home planet of the Geonosians, and the site of the Battle of Geonosis. Geonosis is ruled by Poggle the Lesser. It was a complex for droid factories as well as a hideout for the Separatist leaders until the Clone War outbreak. The planet is located less than one parsec from Tatooine. In many ways the planet is similar to Tatooine, as it is a rocky desert world. One notable difference is that the planet has large and dense rings in orbit. Furthermore, the Geonosians dug a complex series of cav ...

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List of Star Wars planets E-G, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elom, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Elrood, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Empress Teta, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Endor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ennth, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ergo, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Eriadu, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Esseles, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Etti IV, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Exodo II, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Falleen, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Felucia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fest, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fondor, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Foundry, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Frego, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Fresia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Froz, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gala, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galantos, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Galidraan, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gallinore, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gamorr, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gand, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Garqi, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Generis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Genesia, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gentes, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gerona, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Geonosis, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gestron, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Ghorman, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Glee Anselm, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gorsh, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gravlex Med, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Grizmallt, List of Star Wars planets E-G - Gyndine

Read more here: » List of Star Wars planets E-G: Encyclopedia II - List of Star Wars planets E-G - Geonosis

Atonement - 1 - Christus Victor. Irenaeus, Eastern Orthodox Church, some Lutherans Origen, Gregory of Nyssa Atonement - 2 - Moral Influence. Pierre Abélard & Atonement (Moral influence view) Atonement - 3 - Satisfaction. Substitutionary atonement & Atonement (Satisfaction view) Anselm of Canterbury & Salvation in Catholicism

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Atonement, Atonement - Atonement theories in Christianity, Atonement - 1 - Christus Victor, Atonement - 2 - Moral Influence, Atonement - 3 - Satisfaction, Atonement - 4 - Governmental

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The doctrine of the limited extent of the atonement is intimately tied up with the doctrine of the nature of the atonement and with the general Calvinist scheme of predestination. Calvinists advocate the satisfaction theory (also known as punishment theory) of the atonement, which developed in the writings of Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas. In brief, the Calvinist version of this theory states that the atonement of Christ literally pays the penalty incurred by the sins of men — that is, Christ receives the wrath of G ...

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Limited atonement, Limited atonement - The doctrine, Limited atonement - Biblical passages, Limited atonement - Objections to the doctrine, Limited atonement - Biblical passages

Read more here: » Limited atonement: Encyclopedia II - Limited atonement - The doctrine

A church has stood on the site of the cathedral since at least 1065, when St Denis's Church was built within the precincts of Bury St. Edmunds Abbey. In the early 12th century the then Abbot, Anselm, tried to make a pilgrimage along the Way of St. James to Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. He was unsuccessful, so instead rebuilt St Denis's and dedicated the new church to St James, which served as the ...

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Bury St Edmunds Cathedral, Bury St Edmunds Cathedral - History, Bury St Edmunds Cathedral - External link

Read more here: » Bury St Edmunds Cathedral: Encyclopedia II - Bury St Edmunds Cathedral - History

Originally, it was generally believed that life was not subject to the laws of science the way nonlife was. It was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life (from other, previously existing biomolecules). Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper about the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially. The dawn of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833 by Anselme Payen. It is generally accepted that the term biochemistry was coi ...

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Biochemistry, Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry, Biochemistry - Carbohydrates, Biochemistry - Proteins, Biochemistry - Lipids, Biochemistry - Nucleic acids, Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences

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About the end of the year 1059 Peter was sent as legate to Milan by Pope Nicholas II. So bad was the state of things at Milan, that benefices were openly bought and sold and the clergy publicly married the women they lived with. But the resistance to the reform of Ariald the Deacon and Anselm, Bishop of Lucca rendered a contest so bitter that an appeal was made to the Holy See. Nicholas II sent Damian and the Bishop of Lucca as his legates. But now the party of the irregular clerics took alarm and raised the cry that Rome had no authority ov ...

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Pietro Damiani, Pietro Damiani - Early life, Pietro Damiani - Religious life, Pietro Damiani - Reformer, Pietro Damiani - Liber Gomorrhianus and Hildebrand's reforms, Pietro Damiani - Papal envoy and Cardinal, Pietro Damiani - Milan, Pietro Damiani - Writings

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Anselm of Canterbury composed the Ontological argument for the existence of God which he believed to be irrefutable. In essence, he argued that because God is by definition the being than which no greater can be conceived, and it is more perfect to exist than not to exist, that conceiving God not to exist was not conceiving God at all -- it was conceiving a being less than perfect, which would not be ...

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Hellenic philosophy and Christianity, Hellenic philosophy and Christianity - Hebrew versus Greek thought regarding God, Hellenic philosophy and Christianity - Geocentrism, Hellenic philosophy and Christianity - The ontological argument, Hellenic philosophy and Christianity - Modern debate regarding Hellenic Christian thought

Read more here: » Hellenic philosophy and Christianity: Encyclopedia II - Hellenic philosophy and Christianity - The ontological argument

Laon was the birthplace of: Bertrada of Laon (720-783), mother of Charlemagne Anselm of Laon (d. 1117), theologian Jacques Marquette, (1636-1675), Jesuit missionary The town has the only fully automated municipal cable car system in the world, called the Poma 2000. It links the upper town (the historical center, located on a plateau) with the lower town, has three stations and runs on rubber tyres. In contrast, the San Francisco cable car system is manually operated, and all the other automated cable car systems have restricted operations within airports and hospitals. Laon is twinned w ...

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Laon, Laon - History, Laon - Sights, Laon - Miscellaneous, Laon - External link and reference

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Raworth gives regular readings of his work in Europe and the U.S.A. and has made a number of recordings. His readings are noted for his speed of delivery. He has long been interested in collaborative work and has created performance events and texts in collaboration with musicians such as Steve Lacy, Joëlle Léandre, Giancarlo Locatelli and Steve Nelson-Raney; other poets, including Jim Koller, Anselm Hollo, Gregory Corso and Franco Beltrametti; and painters including Joe Brainard, Jim Dine, Giovanni D'Agostino and Micaëla Henich. In 1991, ...

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Tom Raworth, Tom Raworth - Early life and work, Tom Raworth - Development as a poet, Tom Raworth - Performance and collaboration, Tom Raworth - Raworth and Ireland

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Holy Cross has five student housing halls. Two buildings Pulte and South Hall are apartment style co-ed housing, and Anselm and Basil are male dorms and James hall contains female dorms. Holy Cross has both double and single dorm rooms. ...

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Holy Cross College Indiana, Holy Cross College Indiana - Mission Statement, Holy Cross College Indiana - Housing, Holy Cross College Indiana - Room and Board Cost For One Semester, Holy Cross College Indiana - Financial Aid, Holy Cross College Indiana - Sports, Holy Cross College Indiana - Notable Alumni, Holy Cross College Indiana - Future

Read more here: » Holy Cross College Indiana: Encyclopedia II - Holy Cross College Indiana - Housing

Saint Anselm's ontological argument sought to use logic to prove the existence of God. A more elaborate version was given by Gottfried Leibniz. Kurt Gödel created a formalization of Leibniz' version, known as Gödel's ontological proof. René Descartes, in his Meditations on First Philosophy, attempted to carefully ascertain what he really knew to be true, which led to a supposed proof of God's existence. Pascal's Wager (also known as Pasca ...

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Mathematics and God, Mathematics and God - God as the source of rational order, Mathematics and God - God as human invention, Mathematics and God - Mathematical proofs of the existence of God, Mathematics and God - Notes

Read more here: » Mathematics and God: Encyclopedia II - Mathematics and God - Mathematical proofs of the existence of God