Angina pectoris is chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) to the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries. The term derives from the Greek ankhon ("strangling") and the Latin pectus ("chest"), and can therefore be translated as "a strangling feeling in the chest". Worsening ("crescendo") angina attacks, sudden-onset angin ...

Including:

• Angina - Symptoms
• Angina - Diagnosis
• Angina - Pathophysiology
• Angina - Epidemiology
• Angina - Treatment
• Angina - Unstable angina

Read more here: » Angina: Encyclopedia - Angina

See also:

Angina, Angina - Symptoms, Angina - Diagnosis, Angina - Pathophysiology, Angina - Epidemiology, Angina - Treatment, Angina - Unstable angina

Read more here: » Angina: Encyclopedia II - Angina - Pathophysiology

Physicians distinguish between stable angina, which occurs during exercise or stress, and is relieved with a nitrate spray or tablet (e.g., amyl nitrite), and unstable angina, which occurs at rest, or is unrelieved by the usual medication. A patient with angina that is increasing in frequency or severity is also said to have unstable angina. Unstable angina is very predictive of a heart attack, and requires immediate medical attention. As it is only one of the many potential causes of chest pain, the patient usual ...

See also:

Angina, Angina - Symptoms, Angina - Diagnosis, Angina - Pathophysiology, Angina - Epidemiology, Angina - Treatment, Angina - Unstable angina

Read more here: » Angina: Encyclopedia II - Angina - Unstable angina

Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). While the symptoms and signs of coronary heart disease are noted in the advanced state of disease, most individuals with coronary heart disease show no evidence of disease for decades as the disease progresses before the first onset of symptoms, often a "sudden" heart attack, ...

Including:

• Coronary heart disease - Overview
• Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology
• Coronary heart disease - Angina
• Coronary heart disease - Prevention
• Coronary heart disease - Preventive Diets
• Coronary heart disease - Recent research

Read more here: » Coronary heart disease: Encyclopedia - Coronary heart disease

Limitation of blood flow to the heart causes ischemia (cell starvation secondary to a lack of oxygen) of the myocardial cells. When myocardial cells die from lack of oxygen, this is called a myocardial infarction (commonly called a heart attack). It leads to heart muscle damage, heart muscle death and later scarring without heart muscle regrowth. Myocardial infarction usually results from the sudden occlusion of a coronary artery when a plaque ruptures, activating the clotting system and atheroma-clot interaction fills the lumen of th ...

See also:

Coronary heart disease, Coronary heart disease - Overview, Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology, Coronary heart disease - Angina, Coronary heart disease - Prevention, Coronary heart disease - Preventive Diets, Coronary heart disease - Recent research

Read more here: » Coronary heart disease: Encyclopedia II - Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology

When the aortic valve becomes stenotic, it causes a pressure gradient between the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta. The more constricted the valve, the higher the gradient between the LV and the aorta. For instance, with a mild AS, the gradient may be 20 mmHg. This means that, at peak systole, while the LV may generate a pressure of 140 mmHg, the pressure that is transmitted to the aorta will only be 120 mmHg. So, while a blood pressure cuff may measure a normal systolic blood pressure, the actual p ...

See also:

Aortic valve stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Pathophysiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Etiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Physical examination, Aortic valve stenosis - Symptoms and signs of aortic stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Congestive heart failure, Aortic valve stenosis - Syncope, Aortic valve stenosis - Angina, Aortic valve stenosis - Associated symptoms, Aortic valve stenosis - Calculation of valve area, Aortic valve stenosis - Planimetry, Aortic valve stenosis - The continuity equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Gorlin equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Hakki equation

Read more here: » Aortic valve stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Aortic valve stenosis - Pathophysiology

Atherosclerotic heart disease can be thought of as a wide spectrum of disease of the heart. At one end of the spectrum is the asymptomatic individual with atheromatous streaks within the walls of the coronary arteries (the arteries of the heart). These streaks represent the early stage of atherosclerotic heart disease and do not obstruct the flow of blood. A coronary angiogram performed during this stage of disease may not show any evidence of coronary artery disease, because the lumen o ...

See also:

Coronary heart disease, Coronary heart disease - Overview, Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology, Coronary heart disease - Angina, Coronary heart disease - Prevention, Coronary heart disease - Preventive Diets, Coronary heart disease - Recent research

Read more here: » Coronary heart disease: Encyclopedia II - Coronary heart disease - Overview

The pain associated with very advanced CHD is known as angina, and usually presents as a sensation of pressure in the chest, arm pain, jaw pain, and other forms of discomfort. The word discomfort is preferred over the word pain for describing the sensation of angina, because it varies considerably among individuals in character and intensity and most people do not perceive angina as painful, unless it is severe. There is evidence that ang ...

See also:

Coronary heart disease, Coronary heart disease - Overview, Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology, Coronary heart disease - Angina, Coronary heart disease - Prevention, Coronary heart disease - Preventive Diets, Coronary heart disease - Recent research

Read more here: » Coronary heart disease: Encyclopedia II - Coronary heart disease - Angina

Coronary heart disease is the most common form of heart disease in the Western world. Prevention centers on the modifiable risk factors, which include decreasing cholesterol levels, addressing obesity and hypertension, avoiding a sedentary lifestyle, making healthy dietary choices, and stopping smoking. There is some evidence that lowering uric acid and homocysteine levels may contribute. In diabetes mellitus, there is little evidence that blood sugar control actually improves cardiac risk. Some recomm ...

See also:

Coronary heart disease, Coronary heart disease - Overview, Coronary heart disease - Pathophysiology, Coronary heart disease - Angina, Coronary heart disease - Prevention, Coronary heart disease - Preventive Diets, Coronary heart disease - Recent research

Read more here: » Coronary heart disease: Encyclopedia II - Coronary heart disease - Prevention

When symptomatic, aortic stenosis can cause syncope, angina and congestive heart failure. More symptoms indicate a worse prognosis. Treatment requires replacement of the diseased valve with either a porcine aortic valve or a cadaveric aortic valve, or an prosthetic aortic valve. Aortic valve stenosis - Congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a grave prognosis in patients with AS. Patients with CHF that is attributed ...

See also:

Aortic valve stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Pathophysiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Etiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Physical examination, Aortic valve stenosis - Symptoms and signs of aortic stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Congestive heart failure, Aortic valve stenosis - Syncope, Aortic valve stenosis - Angina, Aortic valve stenosis - Associated symptoms, Aortic valve stenosis - Calculation of valve area, Aortic valve stenosis - Planimetry, Aortic valve stenosis - The continuity equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Gorlin equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Hakki equation

Read more here: » Aortic valve stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Aortic valve stenosis - Symptoms and signs of aortic stenosis

Other names for this syndrome are: Syndrome X; Metabolic syndrome X; Insulin resistance syndrome; Reaven's Syndrome, after Dr Gerald M. Reaven (who put the syndrome on the map in 1988 in the Banting lecture, named after Sir Frederick Banting); CHAOS (Australia); Wohlstandssyndrom (German). It is not related to: Fragile X syndrome (a chromosomal abnormality); Cardiac syndrome X - this term is now mainly used for a type of angina pectoris where there is cardiac ischemia on exercise testing but no causat ...

See also:

Metabolic syndrome, Metabolic syndrome - Nomenclature, Metabolic syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Metabolic syndrome - Diagnosis, Metabolic syndrome - Pathophysiology, Metabolic syndrome - Therapy, Metabolic syndrome - History

Read more here: » Metabolic syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Metabolic syndrome - Nomenclature

Before the discovery of the electrocardiogram, it was impossible to objectively diagnose myocardial infarction. The term angina pectoris had already been extant for 150 years (William Heberden coined the term in 1772), but little was known about the disease mechanism. As a disease entity, myocardial infarction was described in full by Dr. James Herrick in an 1912 article in JAMA. He is credited as the originator of the "thrombogenic theory," i.e. the theory that myocardial infarction is due to thrombosis in the coronary artery. Subsequently, atherosclerosis and plaque ...

See also:

Myocardial infarction, Myocardial infarction - Symptoms, Myocardial infarction - Diagnosis, Myocardial infarction - Electrocardiogram, Myocardial infarction - Myocardial markers, Myocardial infarction - Pathophysiology, Myocardial infarction - Ischemia and infarction, Myocardial infarction - Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction - First aid, Myocardial infarction - Immediate care, Myocardial infarction - Emergency services, Myocardial infarction - Wilderness first aid, Myocardial infarction - Air travel, Myocardial infarction - Treatment, Myocardial infarction - First line, Myocardial infarction - Reperfusion, Myocardial infarction - Monitoring and follow-up, Myocardial infarction - History

Read more here: » Myocardial infarction: Encyclopedia II - Myocardial infarction - History

Before the discovery of the electrocardiogram, it was impossible to objectively diagnose myocardial infarction. The term angina pectoris had already been extant for 150 years (William Heberden coined the term in 1772), but little was known about the disease mechanism. As a disease entity, myocardial infarction was described in full by Dr. James Herrick in an 1912 article in JAMA. He is credited as the originator of the "thrombogenic theory," i.e. the theory that myocardial infarction is due to thrombosis in the coronary artery. Subsequently, atherosclerosis and plaque ...

See also:

Myocardial infarction, Myocardial infarction - Symptoms, Myocardial infarction - Diagnosis, Myocardial infarction - Electrocardiogram, Myocardial infarction - Myocardial markers, Myocardial infarction - Pathophysiology, Myocardial infarction - Ischemia and infarction, Myocardial infarction - Atherosclerosis / other predisposing factors, Myocardial infarction - First aid, Myocardial infarction - Immediate care, Myocardial infarction - Emergency services, Myocardial infarction - Wilderness first aid, Myocardial infarction - Air travel, Myocardial infarction - Treatment, Myocardial infarction - First line, Myocardial infarction - Reperfusion, Myocardial infarction - Monitoring and follow-up, Myocardial infarction - History

Read more here: » Myocardial infarction: Encyclopedia II - Myocardial infarction - History

Atrial fibrillation is usually accompanied by symptoms related to either the rapid heart rate or embolization. Rapid and irregular heart rates may be perceived as palpitations, exercise intolerance, and occasionally produce angina and congestive symptoms of shortness of breath or edema. Sometimes the arrhythmia will be identified with the onset of a stroke or a TIA. It is not uncommon to identify atrial fibrillation on a routine physical examination or e ...

See also:

Atrial fibrillation, Atrial fibrillation - Classification, Atrial fibrillation - First Detected, Atrial fibrillation - Recurrent, Atrial fibrillation - Lone atrial fibrillation, Atrial fibrillation - Signs and symptoms, Atrial fibrillation - Diagnosis, Atrial fibrillation - Electrocardiogram, Atrial fibrillation - Other investigations, Atrial fibrillation - Causes, Atrial fibrillation - Pathophysiology, Atrial fibrillation - Treatment, Atrial fibrillation - Rate control, Atrial fibrillation - Rhythm control, Atrial fibrillation - Anticoagulation, Atrial fibrillation - Prognosis, Atrial fibrillation - Epidemiology, Atrial fibrillation - History

Read more here: » Atrial fibrillation: Encyclopedia II - Atrial fibrillation - Signs and symptoms

The main goals of treatment of atrial fibrillation are to prevent temporary circulatory instability and to prevent stroke. Rate and rhythm control are principally used to achieve the former, while anticoagulation may be required to decrease the risk of the latter.[6] AF can cause disabling and annoying symptoms. Palpitations, angina, lassitude (weariness), and decreased exercise tolerance are related to rapid heart rate and inefficient cardiac ...

See also:

Atrial fibrillation, Atrial fibrillation - Classification, Atrial fibrillation - First Detected, Atrial fibrillation - Recurrent, Atrial fibrillation - Lone atrial fibrillation, Atrial fibrillation - Signs and symptoms, Atrial fibrillation - Diagnosis, Atrial fibrillation - Electrocardiogram, Atrial fibrillation - Other investigations, Atrial fibrillation - Causes, Atrial fibrillation - Pathophysiology, Atrial fibrillation - Treatment, Atrial fibrillation - Rate control, Atrial fibrillation - Rhythm control, Atrial fibrillation - Anticoagulation, Atrial fibrillation - Prognosis, Atrial fibrillation - Epidemiology, Atrial fibrillation - History

Read more here: » Atrial fibrillation: Encyclopedia II - Atrial fibrillation - Treatment

All nursing models involve some method of assessing a patient's individual needs and implementing appropriate patient care. An essential portion of each nursing model is measurable goals in order that the process can be evaluated in order to provide better care for the patient in the future. Almost all nursing models are used to produce a document known as a care plan that is used to determine a patient's treatment by nurses, doctors and other healthcare professionals and auxiliary workers. These documents are considered to be living documents - they are changed and eval ...

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Nursing theory, Nursing theory - Universal features of nursing models, Nursing theory - History of nursing models, Nursing theory - Major nursing theorists, Nursing theory - Examples of nursing models, Nursing theory - Psychiatric nursing, Nursing theory - Children's nursing, Nursing theory - Adult nursing, Nursing theory - Community and rehabilitation nursing, Nursing theory - Generic model health social & pastoral care, Nursing theory - Examples of mini micro theories and student work, Nursing theory - Synergy model, Nursing theory - Future of nursing models

Read more here: » Nursing theory: Encyclopedia II - Nursing theory - Universal features of nursing models

Purposely left off this list is that most famous of all nurses, Florence Nightingale. Ms. Nightingale never actually formulated a theory of nursing science but was posthumously accredited with same by others who categorized her personal journaling and communications into a theoretical framework. Also left off are many who simply improvised on others work and acclaimed their thoughts as new theoretical vision. ...

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Nursing theory, Nursing theory - Universal features of nursing models, Nursing theory - History of nursing models, Nursing theory - Major nursing theorists, Nursing theory - Examples of nursing models, Nursing theory - Psychiatric nursing, Nursing theory - Children's nursing, Nursing theory - Adult nursing, Nursing theory - Community and rehabilitation nursing, Nursing theory - Generic model health social & pastoral care, Nursing theory - Examples of mini micro theories and student work, Nursing theory - Synergy model, Nursing theory - Future of nursing models

Read more here: » Nursing theory: Encyclopedia II - Nursing theory - Major nursing theorists

The models used vary greatly between institutions and countries. However, different branches of nursing have different "preferred" nursing models. These are summarised below: Nursing theory - Psychiatric nursing. Roy's model of nursing Tidal model Nursing theory - Children's nursing. Casey's Nursing Model Nursing theory - Adult nursing. Nightingale's model of nursing Rop ...

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Nursing theory, Nursing theory - Universal features of nursing models, Nursing theory - History of nursing models, Nursing theory - Major nursing theorists, Nursing theory - Examples of nursing models, Nursing theory - Psychiatric nursing, Nursing theory - Children's nursing, Nursing theory - Adult nursing, Nursing theory - Community and rehabilitation nursing, Nursing theory - Generic model health social & pastoral care, Nursing theory - Examples of mini micro theories and student work, Nursing theory - Synergy model, Nursing theory - Future of nursing models

Read more here: » Nursing theory: Encyclopedia II - Nursing theory - Examples of nursing models

The original role of the nurse was primarily to care for the patient as prescribed by a physician. This evolved into the biomedical model of nursing care which still strongly influences nursing practice today. The biomedical model focusses heavily upon pathophysiology and altered homeostasis but fails to identify individual differences and whilst it works well for traditional medical and physical care, it focusses solely on the treatment of disease, making little account of psychological, sociocultural, or politcoeconomic differences between ...

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Nursing theory, Nursing theory - Universal features of nursing models, Nursing theory - History of nursing models, Nursing theory - Major nursing theorists, Nursing theory - Examples of nursing models, Nursing theory - Psychiatric nursing, Nursing theory - Children's nursing, Nursing theory - Adult nursing, Nursing theory - Community and rehabilitation nursing, Nursing theory - Generic model health social & pastoral care, Nursing theory - Examples of mini micro theories and student work, Nursing theory - Synergy model, Nursing theory - Future of nursing models

Read more here: » Nursing theory: Encyclopedia II - Nursing theory - History of nursing models

Nursing models have been criticised for failing to provide holistic care, and preventing nurses from thinking "outside of the box". This has been compounded by many hospitals who have developed "pre-printed" care plans that have been misused by nurses who have failed to customise these generic care plans to the patient. An example of this would be using a standard care plan for appendectomy for an elderly patient with multiple pathology (for instance diabetes, angina pectoris and a history of myocardial infarction). Evidently, the patient's ...

See also:

Nursing theory, Nursing theory - Universal features of nursing models, Nursing theory - History of nursing models, Nursing theory - Major nursing theorists, Nursing theory - Examples of nursing models, Nursing theory - Psychiatric nursing, Nursing theory - Children's nursing, Nursing theory - Adult nursing, Nursing theory - Community and rehabilitation nursing, Nursing theory - Generic model health social & pastoral care, Nursing theory - Examples of mini micro theories and student work, Nursing theory - Synergy model, Nursing theory - Future of nursing models

Read more here: » Nursing theory: Encyclopedia II - Nursing theory - Future of nursing models