Encyclopedia - Andronovo Culture: Encyclopedia - Andronovo Culture
The Andronovo culture is a cover term for a group of Bronze Age cultures of southern Siberia and Central Asia, ca. 2300–1000 BCE. It is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Andronovo Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Andronovo Culture - Successors
The Sintashta-Petrovka culture is succeeded by the Fedorovo (1400-1200 BCE) and Alekseyevka (1200-1000 BCE) cultures, still considered as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex: Encyclopedia Ii - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex - A Previously Unknown Civilization?
The inhabitants of the BMAC were sedentary people who practised irrigation farming of wheat and barley. There seems to have been interact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex: Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) the modern archaeological designation for a Br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex: Encyclopedia Ii - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex - Overview
Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward revealed numerous monumental structures in many different sites, including Delbarjin, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex: Encyclopedia Ii - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex - The Indo-iranian Hypothesis
The Bactria-Margiana complex has also attracted attention as a candidate for those looking for the material counterparts to the Indo-Iran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot Burial: Encyclopedia - Chariot Burial
Chariot burials are tombs in which the deceased was buried together with his chariot, usually including his horses and other possessions....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration
Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Indo-iranians
The earliest chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in moder...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aryan: Encyclopedia Ii - Aryan - Indo-iranian
Main article: Indo-Iranians. The most probable date for Proto-Indo-Iranian unity is roughly around 2500 BC. In this sense of the word Ary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Archaeology
The Indo-Aryans were nomadic or at least peripatetic, following their herds of cows around from pasture to pasture. Consequently they had...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Linguistics
The linguistic facts of the situation are little disputed. However, linguistic data alone cannot determine whether this migration was pea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Philology
Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda. The Rigveda is by far the most archaic testimony of Vedic Sanskrit. It describes a pastoral or nomadic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Physical Anthropology
Brian E. Hemphill and Alexander F. Christensen's study (1994) of the migration of genetic traits does not support a movement of Aryan spe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Overview
The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from Proto-Indo-Iranians has been dated to roughly 2000 BC–1800 BC. The Nuristani languages probab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - History
When British and European language students first encountered Sanskrit in the late 18th century, they naturally assumed Sanskrit was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-iranians - Origin
The near-universally cited candidate for the homeland of the Proto-Indian-Iranian culture is the Andronovo Archaeological Complex. A comm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Early Tribal Movements
Humans have inhabited present-day Kazakhstan since the earliest Stone Age, generally pursuing the nomadic pastoralism for which the regio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia - Chariot
Chariot was the name of a WW2 naval weapon, the British manned torpedo. A chariot is a two-wheeled, horse-drawn vehicle. In Latin biga is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc: Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc
(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) 2nd millennium BC - Events. To grasp the spirit of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc: Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc
(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) 2nd millennium BC - Events. To grasp the spirit of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc: Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc
(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) 2nd millennium BC - Events. To grasp the spirit of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc: Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc
(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) 2nd millennium BC - Events. To grasp the spirit of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia - Chariot
Chariot was the name of a WW2 naval weapon, the British manned torpedo. A chariot is a two-wheeled, horse-drawn vehicle. In Latin biga is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wheel: Encyclopedia - Wheel
A wheel is a circular object that, together with an axle, allows low friction in motion by rolling. Common examples are found in transpor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Languages - Iranian Languages And The Question Of Azeri
Etymological studies verify that the extinct dialects spoken from Baku to Khalkhal to Semnan before 11th century, all originated from a c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryans: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryans - Pre-vedic Indo-aryans
The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from Proto-Indo-Iranians is commonly dated, on linguistic grounds, to roughly 1800 BC. The Nuristani...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kurgan Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Kurgan Hypothesis - Overview
The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - Classification
The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-iranians - Expansion
The Indo-Iranians expanded widely into Central Asia from the Ural River in the west to the Tian Shan in the east, taking over the area oc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc: Encyclopedia Ii - 2nd Millennium Bc - Events
To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so import...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - Classification
The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - Prehistory
Recent genetic studies have concluded that humans arrived in the region around 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, making the region one of the o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Background
By far the largest of the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union, independent Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest nation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Ancient Near East
Chariot - Egyptian. The chariot, together with the horse itself, was introduced to Egypt during the reign of the Hyksos dynasty in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kurgan Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Kurgan Hypothesis - Overview
The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wheel: Encyclopedia Ii - Wheel - History Of The Wheel
The wheel is regarded as one of the oldest and most important inventions, which is, according to most authorities, originated in ancient ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2nd Millennium Bc: Encyclopedia Ii - 2nd Millennium Bc - Events
To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so import...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - Foreign Control Of Turkestan
History of Central Asia - Russia's Campaigns. The forces of the khanates were poorly-eqipped, and could do little to resist the advance...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Central And Western Europe
The only Etruscan chariot found intact dates to ca. 530 BC. It is decorated with bronze plates reminiscent of the Gundestrup cauldron. It...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Russian Tachanka
It might be said that the chariot was briefly revived during the Russian civil war of 1918–1920, when the "tachanka", a cart or wagon w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - Since 1991
From 1988 to 1992 a free press and multiparty system developed in the Central Asian republics as perestroika pressured the local Communis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - Soviet And Prc Domination
In 1918 the Bolsheviks set up the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and Bukhara and Khiva also became SSRs. In 1919 the Con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Northern Europe
The Trundholm sun chariot is dated to ca. 1400 BC (see Nordic Bronze Age). The horse drawing the solar disk runs on four wheels, and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Moving Forward
The Soviet Union's spaceport, now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome was located in this republic at Tyuratam, with the secret town of Leni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - The Rise Of Nazarbayev
In June 1989, Kolbin was replaced by Nazarbayev, a politician trained as a metallurgist and engineer. Nazarbayev had become involved in p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - In The Soviet Union
In 1917 a group of secular nationalists called the Alash Orda (Horde of Alash), named for a legendary founder of the Kazakh people, attem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Russian Control
In 1863 Russia elaborated a new imperial policy, announced in the Gorchakov Circular, asserting the right to annex "troublesome" areas on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Sovereignty And Independence
In June 1990, Moscow declared formally the sovereignty of the central government over Kazakhstan, forcing Kazakhstan to elaborate its own...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Forming The Modern Nation
The present-day Kazakhs became a recognizable group in the mid-15th century, when clan leaders broke away from Abul Khayr, leader of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kazakhstan - Reform And Nationalist Conflict
The 1980s brought glimmers of political independence, as well as conflict, as the central government's hold progressively weakened. In th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryans: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryans - Ancient India
The Vedic Kuru and Panchala kingdoms in the first millennium became the core of the Mahajanapadas, archaeologically corresponding to the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Classical Antiquity
Chariot - Greece. The classical Greeks had a (still not very effective) cavalry, and the rocky terrain of the Greek mainland was unsuit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryans: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryans - Contemporary Indo-aryans
Contemporary speakers of Indo-Aryan languages are spread over most of the northern Indian Subcontinent. The largest group are the speaker...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Central And Western Europe
The only Etruscan chariot found intact dates to ca. 530 BC. It is decorated with bronze plates reminiscent of the Gundestrup cauldron. It...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - Northern Europe
The Trundholm sun chariot is dated to ca. 1400 BC (see Nordic Bronze Age). The horse drawing the solar disk runs on four wheels, and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wheel: Encyclopedia Ii - Wheel - Mechanics
Wheels are used in conjunction with an axle, either the wheel turns on the axle or the wheel is rigidly attached to the axle which then t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariot: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariot - China
The earliest chariot burial site in China, discovered in 1933 at Hougang, Anyang of central China's Henan Province, dates to the rule of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryans: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryans - Indo-aryan Peoples
Indo-Aryans - Historic. Mitanni Vedic Aryans Kurus Licchavis Gandharis (During the Mahabharata period the present Kandahar province of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - History
See also: Proto-Indo-European, Historical linguistics, Glottochronology. The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - External Influences
In the first and second millennia BC a series of large and powerful states developed on the southern periphery of Central Asia. These emp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - Return Of Indigenous Rule
Over time, as new technologies were introduced, the nomadic horsemen grew in power. The Scythians developed the saddle, and by the time o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-iranians - Associated Archaeological Cultures
These archaeological cultures are assigned to the Indo-Iranians: BMAC Copper Hoard culture Painted Gray Ware culture Swat culture .....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Languages - Classification Of The Iranian Languages
I. Eastern Iranian A. Northeastern Avestan* Chorasmian* (Khwarezmian) Bactrian* Sogdian* (dialects: Christian, Buddhist, Manichaean), Ya...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - Sound Changes
As the Indo-European languages broke up, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) sound system diverged as well. The difference between the palatali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Languages - Iranian Languages After The Arab Conquest Of Persia
Ibn al-Nadim, in his book Al-fehrest (Arabic: الفهرست), mentions that all the Median and Persian lands of antiquity (including wha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Central Asia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Central Asia - Conquest Of The Steppes
The lifestyle that had existed largely unchanged since 500 BC began to disappear after 1500. An important change in the world economy in ...   » Read the article