Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS, or "Androgen resistance syndrome") is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation that results from mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. It has also been called androgen resistance in the medical literature. The nature of the resulting problem varies according to the structure and sensitivity of the abnormal receptor. Most of the forms of AIS involve variable degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility in XY persons of either sex. A woman with complete androgen ...

Including:

• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics inheritance and incidence
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46XY fetus
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46XY infants
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46XY children
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome

Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia - Androgen insensitivity syndrome

See also:

Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics inheritance and incidence, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46XY fetus, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46XY infants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46XY children, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome

Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor

The gene, AR, for the human androgen receptor is located within the Xq11-12 area of the X chromosome. Effects of the AIS mutations behave as sex-linked recessive traits, causing minimal or no effects in 46,XX women. In other words, since 46,XX women have two X chromosomes, and hence two copies of the gene for the androgen receptor, no problems occur if one of the genes is defective. Since a 46,XY person has only a single X chromosome, a deleterious mutation of the androgen receptor gene on th ...

See also:

Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics inheritance and incidence, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46XY fetus, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46XY infants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46XY children, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome

Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics inheritance and incidence

Cryptorchidism is a medical term referring to absence from the scrotum of one or both testes. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, to "descend," during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. A testis absent from the normal scrotal position can be: found anywhere along the "path ...

Including:

• Cryptorchidism - Terminology
• Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent
• Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism - Associations
• Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation
• Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism - Later fertility
• Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk

Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia - Cryptorchidism

In the last 50 years, the following procedures were most commonly performed for the following intersex conditions and birth defects in order to make the genitalia more like those of normal females: virilization due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia malformations of genitalia in genetic females urogenital sinus malformation cloacal exstrophy conditions involving severe undervirilization or malformations of genetic males, or infants with mixed genetic sex, to be assigned and raised a ...

See also:

Intersex surgery, Intersex surgery - Purposes of genital reconstructive surgery, Intersex surgery - Types of surgery, Intersex surgery - Masculinizing surgical procedures, Intersex surgery - Feminizing surgical procedures, Intersex surgery - Controversies and unsettled questions

Read more here: » Intersex surgery: Encyclopedia II - Intersex surgery - Feminizing surgical procedures

First degree hypospadias are primarily a cosmetic defect and have little effect on function except for direction of the urinary stream. If uncorrected, a second or third degree hypospadias can make male urination messy, necessitate that it be performed sitting, impair delivery of semen into the vagina (possibly creating problems with fertility), or interfere with erections. In developed countries, most hypospadias are surgically repaired in infancy. Surgical repair of first and second degree hypospadias is nearly always successful in one procedure, usually performed in the fir ...

See also:

Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

Read more here: » Hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Hypospadias - Treatment

Orchiopexy and hypospadias repair are the most common types of genital corrective surgery performed in infant boys, but most of these boys have no other abnormalities and are not considered to have an intersex condition. Undervirilized boys typically have at least one of these two procedures performed in addition to others described below. Types of undervirization and malformation for which some type of masculinizing surgery has been performed most often in the last 50 years are: the configuration of ambiguous genitalia r ...

See also:

Intersex surgery, Intersex surgery - Purposes of genital reconstructive surgery, Intersex surgery - Types of surgery, Intersex surgery - Masculinizing surgical procedures, Intersex surgery - Feminizing surgical procedures, Intersex surgery - Controversies and unsettled questions

Read more here: » Intersex surgery: Encyclopedia II - Intersex surgery - Masculinizing surgical procedures

Intersex is a broadly defined term that usually denotes the presence of discordance of the biological aspects of sex: at least some aspect of the genitalia, internal organs, gonadal tissue, or chromosomes is more typical of the other sex, or incompletely differentiated. When the external genitalia appear to be "in between", they are described as ambiguous. In approximately 1 in 5,000 infants there is enough variation in the appearance of the external genitalia to give rise to hesitation about appropriate assignment by the physician in ...

See also:

Sex assignment, Sex assignment - Assignment in intersex conditions, Sex assignment - Re-assignment of sex or gender

Read more here: » Sex assignment: Encyclopedia II - Sex assignment - Assignment in intersex conditions

The gene, AR, for the human androgen receptor is located within the Xq11-12 area of the X chromosome. Effects of the AIS mutations behave as sex-linked recessive traits, causing minimal or no effects in 46,XX women. In other words, since 46,XX women have two X chromosomes, and hence two copies of the gene for the androgen receptor, no problems occur if one of the genes is defective. Since a 46,XY person has only a single X chromosome, a deleterious mutation of the androgen receptor gene on ...

See also:

Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics, inheritance, and incidence, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46, XY fetus, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46, XY infants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46, XY children, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome

Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics, inheritance, and incidence

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