androgen insensitivity syndrome - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Pseudovaginal Perineoscrotal Hypospadias: Encyclopedia Ii - Pseudovaginal Perineoscrotal Hypospadias - Management
When an infant is born with PSH, the most difficult management decision has often been the sex assignment, since genitalia with this degr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypospadias: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypospadias - Causes
Most hypospadias are sporadic, without inheritance or family recurrence. For most cases, no cause can be identified though a number of hy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiandrogen: Encyclopedia - Antiandrogen
An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Androgen: Encyclopedia - Androgen
Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the developmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypospadias: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypospadias - Incidence
Hypospadias are among the most common birth defects of the male genitalia (second to cryptorchidism), but widely varying incidences have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia - Woman
A woman is an adult female human, as contrasted with a man (an adult male), and a girl, (a female child). The term woman (irregular plura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Man: Encyclopedia - Man
A man is a male human adult, in contrast to an adult female, which is a woman. The term man (irregular plural: men) is a term used to ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypospadias: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypospadias - Treatment
First degree hypospadias are primarily a cosmetic defect and have little effect on function except for direction of the urinary stream. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virilization: Encyclopedia - Virilization
In biology and medicine, virilization refers to the development of changes which make a male body different from a female body. Most of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sex Assignment: Encyclopedia Ii - Sex Assignment - Assignment In Intersex Conditions
Intersex is a broadly defined term that usually denotes the presence of discordance of the biological aspects of sex: at least some aspec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypogonadism: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypogonadism - Classification
There are many possible types of hypogonadism and several ways to categorize them. Hypogonadism - by Congenital vs. acquired. An examp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Androgen Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Androgen Receptor - Function
In some cell types testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors while in others testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Intersex Surgery - Surgical Pioneering And The Discovery That Gender Is Constructed
Genital reconstructive surgery was pioneered between 1930 and 1960 by urologist Hugh Hampton Young and other surgeons at Johns Hopkins Ho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swyer Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Swyer Syndrome - Pathogenesis
The first known step of sexual differentiation of a normal XY fetus is the development of testes. The early stages of testicular formatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor: Encyclopedia Ii - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor - Later Life
The British Royal Family never accepted the Duchess and would not receive her formally, although the former king sometimes met his mother...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Legal Rights Of Women Historically
Some early legal systems that are the antecedents of modern systems formalized female dependency. Woman - Biblical law. In the Mosaic l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kennedy Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Kennedy Disease - Signs And Symptoms
Ages of onset and severity of manifestations in affected males vary from adolescence to old age, but most commonly develop in middle adul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Intersex Surgery - Masculinizing Surgical Procedures
Orchiopexy and hypospadias repair are the most common types of genital corrective surgery performed in infant boys, but most of these boy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gender Identity Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Gender Identity Disorder - Diagnostic Criteria
Gender identity disorder - DSM-IV. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has five criteria t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gender Identity Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Gender Identity Disorder - Diagnostic Criteria
Gender identity disorder - DSM-IV. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has five criteria t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - Background: A Brief Synopsis Of Normal Puberty
Puberty refers to the physical and hormonal changes which typically begin in early adolescence and lead to reproductive maturity and comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Virilization - Prenatal Virilization
In the prenatal period, virilization refers to closure of the perineum, thinning and rugation of the scrotum, growth of the phallus, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Androgen: Encyclopedia Ii - Androgen - Androgen Functions
Androgen - Development of the male. During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes[...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Terms
The English language's original word for "woman" was Old English wīf, akin to German Weib; it later became the modern word "wife." The m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dihydrotestosterone: Encyclopedia Ii - Dihydrotestosterone - Pathology
It is suspected that DHT is the primary contributing factor in most cases of male-pattern baldness. Women with increased levels of DHT ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Infertility: Encyclopedia Ii - Infertility - Causes
Infertility - Primary vs. secondary. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, infertility affects about 6.1 million...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Man: Encyclopedia Ii - Man - Etymology
The term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Man: Encyclopedia Ii - Man - Biology And Sex
In terms of sex, men have various sexual characteristics that differentiate them from women. Just as in women, the sex organs of a man ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Intersex Surgery - Outcomes And Statistics
Regardless of the "representativeness" of the advocacy groups, the doctors began to listen. Within a short time re-evaluation of intersex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swyer Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Swyer Syndrome - Diagnosis
Because of the inability of the streak gonads to produce sex hormones (both estrogens and androgens), most of the secondary sex character...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Intersex Surgery - Controversy
The goals of surgery, outlined at the beginning of this article have not changed, but some types of surgery have been discontinued. The p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor: Encyclopedia Ii - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor - Relationship With Edward Prince Of Wales
After her second marriage, Wallis was living in Britain and had been introduced to Prince Edward, The Prince of Wales. The Prince was the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Intersex Surgery - Controversies And Unsettled Questions
Management practices for several types of intersex conditions and other abnormalities and injuries of the genitalia have evolved over the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Etymology
The English term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Intersex Surgery - Feminizing Surgical Procedures
In the last 50 years, the following procedures were most commonly performed for the following intersex conditions and birth defects in or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor: Encyclopedia Ii - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor - Duchess Of Windsor
Free to marry, Wallis and Edward married on June 3, 1937 at Chateau de Candé, Monts, France. No member of the British Royal Family atten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Biology And Sex
Biological factors are not the sole determinants of whether persons are considered, or consider themselves, women. Some women can have ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Culture And Gender Roles
Main article: gender role In many prehistoric cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role. In hunter-gatherer societies, women wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Terms
The English language's original word for "woman" was Old English wīf, akin to German Weib; it later became the modern word "wife." The m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Etymology
The English term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor: Encyclopedia Ii - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor - Historical Speculation
FBI files compiled in the 1930s, released under the U.S. Freedom of Information Act in 2003, portray Wallis Simpson as a possible Nazi sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Intersex Surgery - Nature Back On Top: Surgeons Go From Hero To Villain In 3 Years
By 1990, biological factors were being reported for a wide variety of human behaviors and personality characteristics. The idea that cult...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Man: Encyclopedia Ii - Man - Age
Manhood is the period in a male's life after he has transitioned from a boy. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a man's com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor: Encyclopedia Ii - Wallis The Duchess Of Windsor - Abdication Crisis
On January 20, 1936, King George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. The next day, he broke royal protocol by watc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Biology And Sex
Biological factors are not the sole determinants of whether persons are considered, or consider themselves, women. Some women can have ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Infertility: Encyclopedia Ii - Infertility - Definition
The International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination (INCIID) considers a couple to be infertile if1: they have not concei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Androgen: Encyclopedia Ii - Androgen - Insensitivity To Androgen In Humans
Reduced ability of a XY karyotype fetus to respond to androgens can result in one of several problems, including infertility and several ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Androgen: Encyclopedia Ii - Androgen - Types Of Androgens
A subset of androgens, adrenal androgens, includes any of the 19-carbon steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex, an adrenal gland, tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Man: Encyclopedia Ii - Man - Gender Roles
In terms of gender, men differ from women by a variety of behaviors. Certain characteristics generally associated with men may be delinea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypogonadism: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypogonadism - Diagnosis
Physicians measure gonadotropins (LH and FSH) to distinguish primary from secondary hypogonadism. In primary hypogonadism the LH and/or F...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Infertility: Encyclopedia Ii - Infertility - Psychological Impact
Infertility may have profound psychological effects. Partners may become more anxious to conceive, ironically increasing sexual dysfuncti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gender Identity Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Gender Identity Disorder - Controversy
A lot of transgender people do not regard their cross-gender feelings and behaviours as a disorder. They question what a "normal" gender ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Infertility: Encyclopedia Ii - Infertility - Costs
Not everyone has insurance coverage for fertility investigations and treatments, especially when a couple already has children. 2005 appr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Culture And Gender Roles
Main article: gender role In many prehistoric cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role. In hunter-gatherer societies, women wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - What’s The Normal Timing Of Puberty And What's Delayed?
Approximate mean ages for onset of various pubertal changes are as follows. Ages in parentheses are the approximate 3rd and 97th percenti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gender Identity Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Gender Identity Disorder - Controversy
A lot of transgender people do not regard their cross-gender feelings and behaviours as a disorder. They question what a "normal" gender ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Infertility: Encyclopedia Ii - Infertility - Social Impact
In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Intersex Surgery - Triumph Of Infant Surgery And Nurture Over Nature
By the 1960s, the young specialties of pediatric surgery and pediatric urology at children's hospitals were universally admired for bring...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Woman - Legal Rights Of Women Historically
Some early legal systems that are the antecedents of modern systems formalized female dependency. Woman - Biblical law. In the Mosaic l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - Management Of Delayed Puberty
If a child is healthy but simply late, reassurance and prediction based on the bone age can be provided. No other intervention is usually...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - How Is Delayed Puberty Evaluated?
Obviously anyone who is later than average is late in the ordinary sense. There are three indications that pubertal delay may be due to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - Medical Evaluation Of Delayed Puberty
Pediatric endocrinologists are the physicians with the most training and experience evaluating delayed puberty. A complete medical histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Intersex Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Intersex Surgery - Complications Arise Both In The Theories And In The Patients
Throughout the 1980s pediatric surgery textbooks recommended female assignment and feminizing reconstructive surgery for XY infants with ...   » Read the article