androgen insensitivity syndrome

When an infant is born with PSH, the most difficult management decision has often been the sex assignment, since genitalia with this degree of ambiguity do not resemble either sex very well with respect to looks or function. Many infants with PPHS have been assigned and raised as female despite presence of testes and XY chromosomes. Nearly all infants with PPSH are offered surgical reconstruction, to either further masculinize or feminize the external genitalia. Treatment with testosterone postnatally does not close the urethra or cha ...

See also:

Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias - Management

Read more here: » Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias - Management

Most hypospadias are sporadic, without inheritance or family recurrence. For most cases, no cause can be identified though a number of hypotheses related to inadequate androgen effect, or environmental agents interfering with androgen effect, have been offered. Among the suspected environmental agents have been various chemicals, sometimes termed endocrine disruptors, that interact with steroid receptors. Putative endocrine disrup ...

See also:

Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

Read more here: » Hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Hypospadias - Causes

An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting the biologic effects of androgens, male sex hormones, on normally responsive tissues in the body (see androgen insensitivity syndrome). Antiandrogens usually work by blocking the appropriate receptors, competing for binding sites on the cell's surface, obstructing the androgens' pathway. Antiandrogens are often indicated to treat severe male sexual disorders, such as hypersexuality (exce ...

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Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens, which were first discovered in 1936, are also called androgenic hormones or testoids. Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids. They are also the precursor of ...

Including:

• Androgen - Types of androgens
• Androgen - Androgen functions
• Androgen - Development of the male
• Androgen - Spermatogenesis
• Androgen - Inhibition of fat deposition
• Androgen - Muscle mass
• Androgen - Brain
• Androgen - Insensitivity to androgen in humans

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Hypospadias are among the most common birth defects of the male genitalia (second to cryptorchidism), but widely varying incidences have been reported from different countries, from as low as 1 in 4000 to as high as 1 in 125 boys. There has been some evidence that the incidence of hypospadias around the world has been increasing in recent decades. In the United States, two surveillance studies reported that the incidence had increased from about 1 in 500 total births (1 in 250 boys) in the 1970s to 1 in 250 total births (1 in 125 boys ...

See also:

Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

Read more here: » Hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Hypospadias - Incidence

A woman is an adult female human, as contrasted with a man (an adult male), and a girl, (a female child). The term woman (irregular plural: women) is used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions, or both. Woman - Etymology. The English term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". In Old Englis ...

Including:

• Woman - Etymology
• Woman - Biology and sex
• Woman - Legal rights of women historically
• Woman - Biblical law
• Woman - Culture and gender roles
• Woman - Terms
• Woman - Slang
• Woman - Vulgar terms

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A man is a male human adult, in contrast to an adult female, which is a woman. The term man (irregular plural: men) is a term used to indicate either a person generally, or a male person specifically. Man - Etymology. The term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". The word developed into Old English man, mann "human bein ...

Including:

• Man - Etymology
• Man - Age
• Man - Biology and sex
• Man - Gender roles

Read more here: » Man: Encyclopedia - Man

First degree hypospadias are primarily a cosmetic defect and have little effect on function except for direction of the urinary stream. If uncorrected, a second or third degree hypospadias can make male urination messy, necessitate that it be performed sitting, impair delivery of semen into the vagina (possibly creating problems with fertility), or interfere with erections. In developed countries, most hypospadias are surgically repaired in infancy. Surgical repair of first and second degree hypospadias is nearly always successful in one procedure, usually performed in the fir ...

See also:

Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

Read more here: » Hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Hypospadias - Treatment

In biology and medicine, virilization refers to the development of changes which make a male body different from a female body. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens. Virilization is most commonly used in three medical contexts: prenatal sexual differentiation, the postnatal changes of normal male puberty, and excessive androgen effects in girls or women. Virilization - Prenatal virilization. In the prenatal period, virilization refers to closure of the perineum, thinning and rugatio ...

Including:

• Virilization - Prenatal virilization
• Virilization - Normal virilization
• Virilization - Abnormal childhood virilization
• Virilization - Abnormal virilization in adolescent or adult women

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Intersex is a broadly defined term that usually denotes the presence of discordance of the biological aspects of sex: at least some aspect of the genitalia, internal organs, gonadal tissue, or chromosomes is more typical of the other sex, or incompletely differentiated. When the external genitalia appear to be "in between", they are described as ambiguous. In approximately 1 in 5,000 infants there is enough variation in the appearance of the external genitalia to give rise to hesitation about appropriate assignment by the physician in ...

See also:

Sex assignment, Sex assignment - Assignment in intersex conditions, Sex assignment - Re-assignment of sex or gender

Read more here: » Sex assignment: Encyclopedia II - Sex assignment - Assignment in intersex conditions

There are many possible types of hypogonadism and several ways to categorize them. Hypogonadism - by Congenital vs. acquired. An example of congenital hypogonadism (present at birth) is Turner syndrome. An example of acquired hypogonadism (develops in childhood or adult life) is castration. Hypogonadism - by Hormones vs. fertility. Hypogonadism can involve just hormone production or just fertility, but most commonly involves both. Examp ...

See also:

Hypogonadism, Hypogonadism - Classification, Hypogonadism - by Congenital vs. acquired, Hypogonadism - by Hormones vs. fertility, Hypogonadism - by Affected system, Hypogonadism - Diagnosis, Hypogonadism - Treatment

Read more here: » Hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Hypogonadism - Classification

In some cell types testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors while in others testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation. Examples are derivatives of the Wolffian duct for the former, and derivatives of the urogenital sinus, the urogenital tubercle, and hair follicles for the latter. The first known mechanism of action for androgen receptors was direct regulation of gene transcription. After androgen binds to an androgen receptor, res ...

See also:

Androgen receptor, Androgen receptor - Structure, Androgen receptor - Gene, Androgen receptor - Function, Androgen receptor - AR deficiencies, Androgen receptor - Reference

Read more here: » Androgen receptor: Encyclopedia II - Androgen receptor - Function

Genital reconstructive surgery was pioneered between 1930 and 1960 by urologist Hugh Hampton Young and other surgeons at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and other major university centers. Understanding of intersex conditions was relatively primitive, based on identifying the type of gonad(s) by palpation or by surgery. Since ability to determine even the type of gonads in infancy was limited, sex of assignment and rearing were determined mainly by the appearance of the external genit ...

See also:

History of intersex surgery, History of intersex surgery - Surgical pioneering and the discovery that gender is constructed, History of intersex surgery - Triumph of infant surgery and nurture over nature, History of intersex surgery - Complications arise both in the theories and in the patients, History of intersex surgery - Nature back on top: surgeons go from hero to villain in 3 years, History of intersex surgery - Outcomes and statistics, History of intersex surgery - Controversy

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The first known step of sexual differentiation of a normal XY fetus is the development of testes. The early stages of testicular formation in the second month of gestation require the action of several genes, of which one of the earliest and most important is SRY, the "sex-determining region of the Y chromosome". Mutations of SRY account for most cases of Swyer syndrome. When this gene is defective, testes fail to develop in an XY (genetically male) fetus. Without testes, no testosterone or antimullerian hormone are produced. W ...

See also:

Swyer syndrome, Swyer syndrome - Pathogenesis, Swyer syndrome - Diagnosis, Swyer syndrome - Treatment, Swyer syndrome - Similar conditions

Read more here: » Swyer syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Swyer syndrome - Pathogenesis

The British Royal Family never accepted the Duchess and would not receive her formally, although the former king sometimes met his mother and a brother after his abdication and both the Queen and Prince Charles paid visits to the Windsors in the Duke's later years and the Queen Mother to the Duchess though by then the Duchess was too frail and mentally absent to receive her. It is believed that Queen Elizabeth, Edward’s sister-in-law, remained bitter towards Wallis for her role in bringing her husband to the throne and for other inappropri ...

See also:

Wallis The Duchess of Windsor, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Life, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Previous marriages, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Relationship with Edward Prince of Wales, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Abdication Crisis, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Duchess of Windsor, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - World War II, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Later life, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Historical speculation, Wallis The Duchess of Windsor - Titles from birth to death

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Some early legal systems that are the antecedents of modern systems formalized female dependency. Woman - Biblical law. In the Mosaic law, divorce was not to be performed easily--only under certain circumstances. In most cases, divorce was carried out when the husband or the wife commited adultery, in which case the adulterer was stoned (unless shown mercy). A husband could sign a certificate of divorce if he found indecency in his wife, but if the husband accused his wife of misconduct and if proven other ...

See also:

Woman, Woman - Etymology, Woman - Biology and sex, Woman - Legal rights of women historically, Woman - Biblical law, Woman - Culture and gender roles, Woman - Terms

Read more here: » Woman: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Legal rights of women historically

Ages of onset and severity of manifestations in affected males vary from adolescence to old age, but most commonly develop in middle adult life. The latest onset was described in a male of 84 years of age. KD does not usually compromise longevity. The syndrome has neuromuscular and endocrine manifestations: Kennedy disease - Neuromuscular. Early signs often include weakness of tongue and mouth muscles, fasciculations, and gradually increasing weakness of proximal limb muscles with muscle wasting. In some c ...

See also:

Kennedy disease, Kennedy disease - Genetics, Kennedy disease - Pathology, Kennedy disease - Signs and symptoms, Kennedy disease - Neuromuscular, Kennedy disease - Endocrine, Kennedy disease - Homozygous females, Kennedy disease - History

Read more here: » Kennedy disease: Encyclopedia II - Kennedy disease - Signs and symptoms

Orchiopexy and hypospadias repair are the most common types of genital corrective surgery performed in infant boys, but most of these boys have no other abnormalities and are not considered to have an intersex condition. Undervirilized boys typically have at least one of these two procedures performed in addition to others described below. Types of undervirization and malformation for which some type of masculinizing surgery has been performed most often in the last 50 years are: the configuration of ambiguous genitalia r ...

See also:

Intersex surgery, Intersex surgery - Purposes of genital reconstructive surgery, Intersex surgery - Types of surgery, Intersex surgery - Masculinizing surgical procedures, Intersex surgery - Feminizing surgical procedures, Intersex surgery - Controversies and unsettled questions

Read more here: » Intersex surgery: Encyclopedia II - Intersex surgery - Masculinizing surgical procedures

Gender identity disorder - DSM-IV. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has five criteria that must be met before a diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (302.85) can be given: [1] There must be evidence of a strong and persistent cross-gender identification. This cross-gender identification must not merely be a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex. There must also be evidence of persistent discomfort ...

See also:

Gender identity disorder, Gender identity disorder - Diagnostic criteria, Gender identity disorder - DSM-IV, Gender identity disorder - ICD-10, Gender identity disorder - Controversy, Gender identity disorder - Treatment

Read more here: » Gender identity disorder: Encyclopedia II - Gender identity disorder - Diagnostic criteria

Gender identity disorder - DSM-IV. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has five criteria that must be met before a diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder can be given: [1] There must be evidence of a strong and persistent cross-gender identification. This cross-gender identification must not merely be a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex. There must also be evidence of persistent discomfort about one ...

See also:

Gender identity disorder, Gender identity disorder - Diagnostic criteria, Gender identity disorder - DSM-IV, Gender identity disorder - ICD-10, Gender identity disorder - Controversy, Gender identity disorder - Treatment

Read more here: » Gender identity disorder: Encyclopedia II - Gender identity disorder - Diagnostic criteria