André Gide - Article Index

Encyclopedia - André Gide: Encyclopedia - André Gide
By category Medieval 16th Century - 17th Century 18th Century -19th Century 20th Century - Contemporary Chronological list Writers by cat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - André Gide: Encyclopedia Ii - André Gide - Early Life
Gide was born in Paris, France on November 22, 1869. His father was a Paris University professor of law and died 1880. His uncle was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1951: Encyclopedia - 1951
1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. 1951 - Events. January 9 - United Nations headquarters officially...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1952: Encyclopedia - 1952
1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). 1952 - Events. January 8 - West Germany has 8 mill...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1947: Encyclopedia - 1947
1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). 1947 - Events. January 1 - British mines nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jorge Luis Borges: Encyclopedia - Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Luis Borges ([ˈxɔɾ.xe ˈlwis ˈbɔɾ.xɛs]) (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer who is considered t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Homosexuality: Encyclopedia - Homosexuality
Biological factors / Choice / Environment Demographics / History Gender role / Gender identity Human sexual behavior / Animal sexuality C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexander Von Zemlinsky: Encyclopedia - Alexander Von Zemlinsky
Alexander von Zemlinsky or Alexander Zemlinsky, (October 14, 1871 - March 15, 1942) was an Austrian composer of classical music, a conduc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Central African Republic: Encyclopedia - Central African Republic
The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan on the east, the Republic of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1869: Encyclopedia - 1869
1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1925 In Literature: Encyclopedia - 1925 In Literature
See also: 1924 in literature, other events of 1925, 1926 in literature, list of years in literature. 1925 in literature - Events. April...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Igor Stravinsky: Encyclopedia Ii - Igor Stravinsky - Biography
Stravinsky was born in Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), near St. Petersburg, Russia. Brought up in an apartment in St. Petersburg and dominat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Natalie Clifford Barney: Encyclopedia Ii - Natalie Clifford Barney - Writing
Her literary career began as a result of her friendship with poet Rémy de Gourmont, who gave her the nickname "The Amazon." Barney wrote...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - In Search Of Lost Time: Encyclopedia Ii - In Search Of Lost Time - Publishing History
The original work was published in several volumes between 1913 and 1927, the last few posthumously and without the final corrections and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mabel Dodge Luhan: Encyclopedia Ii - Mabel Dodge Luhan - New York
In mid 1912, Mabel and Edwin (who by this time were becoming estranged) returned to America, and she began to set herself up as a patron ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Acting Career
Dean began his acting career with a Pepsi-Cola television commercial followed by a stint as a stunt tester in the game show Beat the Cloc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pederasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pederasty - Post-classical And Modern Forms
The record of pederastic practices, whether as a continuation of the Mediterranean traditions or as independent native traditions, as in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Key Concepts
Much controversy surrounds whether Nietzsche advocated a single or comprehensive philosophical viewpoint. Many charge Nietzsche with prop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pierre Louÿs: Encyclopedia Ii - Pierre Louÿs - Life
Pierre Louÿs was born Pierre Louis on December 10, 1870 in Ghent, Belgium, but moved to France where he would spend the rest of his life...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panait Istrati: Encyclopedia Ii - Panait Istrati - Early Life
Born in Brăila, Israti was the son of the laundress Joiţa Istrate and of a Greek smuggler (Panait never met him). He studied in primary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Acting Career
Dean began his acting career with a Pepsi-Cola television commercial followed by a stint as a stunt tester in the game show Beat the Cloc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - In Search Of Lost Time: Encyclopedia Ii - In Search Of Lost Time - French Publishing History
The original work was published in several volumes between 1913 and 1927, the last few posthumously and without the final corrections and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean-paul Sartre: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean-paul Sartre - Early Life And Thought
Sartre was born in Paris to parents Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie Schweitzer, cousin of Albert Schw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Literature Of The 20th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - French Literature Of The 20th Century - Overview
Twentieth century French literature was profoundly shaped by the historical events of the century and was also shaped by -- and a contrib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurras: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurras - Maurras' Political Thought
Central to Maurras' political ideas were an intense nationalism (what he described as "integral nationalism") and a belief in an ordered,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anton Hansen Tammsaare: Encyclopedia Ii - Anton Hansen Tammsaare - Bibliography
Tammsaare's early works are characterized by rural "poetic" realism. Some of his stories also reflect the atmosphere of the revolutionary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Les Éditions De Minuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Les Éditions De Minuit - History
Les Éditions de Minuit was founded by writer and illustrator Jean Bruller and writer Pierre de Lescure (1891-1963) in 1941 in Paris, dur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - List Of Groups
Groups include: Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR - Clandestine central underground committee, organised by Jean Moulin, to coordi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Key Concepts
Much controversy surrounds whether Nietzsche advocated a single or comprehensive philosophical viewpoint. Many charge Nietzsche with prop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Key Concepts
Much controversy surrounds whether Nietzsche advocated a single or comprehensive philosophical viewpoint. Many charge Nietzsche with prop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of French People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of French People - Actors/actresses
List of French people - A. Isabelle Adjani Renée Adorée Anouk Aimée Arletty Antonin Artaud Fanny Ardant Jeanne Aubert Jean-Pierre A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pederasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pederasty - Post-classical And Modern Forms
The record of pederastic practices, whether as a continuation of the Mediterranean traditions or as independent native traditions, as in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socrate: Encyclopedia Ii - Socrate - The Text
Although more recent translations were available, Satie preferred Victor Cousin's then antiquated French translation of Plato's texts: he...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Pederastic Couples: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Pederastic Couples - Known Or Presumed Pederastic Couples
In the following list the couples are listed in chronological order, and the name of the older partner precedes that of the younger. Thou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1951: Encyclopedia Ii - 1951 - Events
1951 - January. January 9 - United Nations headquarters officially opens (New York City). January 15 - Ilse Koch, The "Witch of Buchen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jorge Luis Borges: Encyclopedia Ii - Jorge Luis Borges - Work
In addition to his short stories for which he is most famous, Borges also wrote poetry, essays, several screenplays, and a considerable v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Red And The Black: Encyclopedia Ii - The Red And The Black - Plot Summary
The Red and the Black is the story of Julien Sorel, the aesthete son of a carpenter in the fictional French village of Verrières, and hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Homosexuality: Encyclopedia Ii - Homosexuality - Academic Study
The manifestation of sexual orientation is subject to a considerable variability. Thus it is common for homosexual individuals in heteron...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Central African Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Central African Republic - History
Central African Republic - Prehistory. Between about 1000 BCE and 1000 CE, Adamawa-Eastern-speaking peoples spread eastward from Camero...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1952: Encyclopedia Ii - 1952 - Events
1952 - January. January 8 - West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders. January 24 - Sudden heavy snowfall in Algeria. Jan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexander Von Zemlinsky: Encyclopedia Ii - Alexander Von Zemlinsky - List Of Selected Works
Alexander von Zemlinsky - Orchestral Works. Symphony (No. 1) for orchestra (1891, fragment) Symphony No.1 (No. 2) for orchestra (1892/...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Key Concepts
Much controversy surrounds whether Nietzsche advocated a single or comprehensive philosophical viewpoint. Many charge Nietzsche with prop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1947: Encyclopedia Ii - 1947 - Events
1947 - January. January 1 - British mines nationalized January 1 - Nigeria gains limited autonomy January 1 - The Canadian Citizenship...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Appeal Of Fascism: Encyclopedia Ii - The Appeal Of Fascism - Principal Subjects
The principal figures discussed are: The Appeal of Fascism - Italy. Gabriele D'Annunzio, Curzio Malaparte, Giovanni Gentile, and Filipp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - List Of Groups
Groups include: Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR - Clandestine central underground committee, organised by Jean Moulin, to coordo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roger Martin Du Gard: Encyclopedia Ii - Roger Martin Du Gard - Life
Trained as a paleographer and archivist, Martin du Gard brought to his works a spirit of objectivity and a scrupulous regard for details....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1869: Encyclopedia Ii - 1869 - Events
1869 - January—June. March 1 - North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeater's skin May - Nava...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - Activities
The Special Operations Executive (SOE) began to help and supply the resistance from November 1940. Head of the independent (non Gaullist)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - Notable Persons
Other people involved with French Resistance include: José Aboulker Berty Albrecht, (1893-1943) Dimitri Amilakhvari, (1906-1942) Louis ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Life
Friedrich Nietzsche - Youth 1844–1869. Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Style
Nietzsche is unique among philosophers for what is widely regarded as the remarkable power and effectiveness of his prose style - particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Place In Contemporary Ethical Theory
Nietzsche's work addresses ethics from several perspectives; in today's terms, we might say his remarks pertain to meta-ethics, normative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Political Views
During the First World War and after 1945, many regarded Nietzsche as having helped to cause the German militarism. In fact, the German r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Political Views
During the First World War and after 1945, many regarded Nietzsche as having helped to cause the German militarism. In fact, the German r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Place In Contemporary Ethical Theory
Nietzsche's work addresses ethics from several perspectives; in today's terms, we might say his remarks pertain to meta-ethics, normative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Style
Nietzsche is unique among philosophers for what is widely regarded as the remarkable power and effectiveness of his prose style - particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Kierkegaard And Nietzsche
Many philosophers believe Nietzsche, aside from the name, knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Legacy
James Dean is one of only five people to have been nominated for a Best Actor Academy Award for their first feature role and the only one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Porsche 550 Spyder
In 1955, Dean purchased one of only 90 Porsche 550 Spyder, nicknaming it "Little Bastard". Since the actor's death, the car has been infa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Works
Friedrich Nietzsche - Writings and philosophy. Aus meinem Leben, 1858 Über Musik, 1858 Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862 Fatum und Ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Death
Dean had become friends with fellow auto enthusiast and multi-millionaire Lance Reventlow, one of the last people to speak to Dean when t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Sexuality
James Dean's sexual life is a matter of some debate. Often considered a gay film icon [4], there are many published accounts of Dean havi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Reception Of Nietzsche
Among the first to recognize Nietzsche's importance was the German novelist Thomas Mann, who showed Nietzsche's influence in his novels, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Gender Views
Nietzsche's comments on women have provoked a great deal of discussion. Given modern sensitivities regarding the sexes and the rise of fe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - History Of The Legion
Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain signed an armistice with Germany on 22nd June. The agreement divided France into occupied and unoccupied z...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Stage
See the Jaguar, (1952) The Immoralist (1954) - based on the book by Andre Gide The Metamorphosis (1952) - based on the novella by Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Dean: Encyclopedia Ii - James Dean - Memorial
In 1977 a Dean memorial was built in Cholame, California. The stylized sculpture composed of concrete and stainless steel around a tree o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Gender Views
Nietzsche's comments on women have provoked a great deal of discussion. Given modern sensitivities regarding the sexes and the rise of fe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Life
Friedrich Nietzsche - Youth 1844–1869. Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Red And The Black: Encyclopedia Ii - The Red And The Black - Trivia
Most of the chapters begin with epigrams that appear to be quotes from literature, poetry, or from famous personages. In reality, Stendha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Red And The Black: Encyclopedia Ii - The Red And The Black - Literary Significance
A "writer's writer," Stendhal is known more in literary circles than to the public at large. Many writers have acknowledged his influence...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pederasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pederasty - The Ancient World
Pederasty - The Greeks. Main articles: Pederasty in Ancient Greece and Philosophy of Greek pederasty The ancient Greeks, in the conte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Kierkegaard And Nietzsche
Many philosophers believe Nietzsche, aside from the name, knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Natalie Clifford Barney: Encyclopedia Ii - Natalie Clifford Barney - Lovers
It was well known that she was homosexual, and she had affairs with a number of the celebrities of the day, including courtesan Liane de ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pederasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pederasty - Modern Constructs
The literary pederastic tradition was continued by writers such as André Gide, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Mann, Henry de Montherlant, Eric ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panait Istrati: Encyclopedia Ii - Panait Istrati - Istrati And Communism
Istrati shared the leftwing ideals of Rolland, and, as much as his mentor, placed his hopes in the Bolshevik vision. In 1927 he visited t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - In Search Of Lost Time: Encyclopedia Ii - In Search Of Lost Time - Introduction
At the risk of over-simplification, In Search of Lost Time can be viewed as the story of how the novel's neurasthenic narrator eventually...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - In Search Of Lost Time: Encyclopedia Ii - In Search Of Lost Time - English Publishing History
All but the final volume was first translated into English by C.K. Scott Moncrieff under the title Remembrance of Things Past--a phrase t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panait Istrati: Encyclopedia Ii - Panait Istrati - Filmography
While in the Soviet Union, Istrati wrote a screenplay based on his own work - The Bandits, a project that was never achieved. Kira Kirali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panait Istrati: Encyclopedia Ii - Panait Istrati - Major Works
-Kyra Kyralina (or Chira Chiralina) -Uncle Anghel -The Haiduks (or The Bandits) -Presentation of the Haiduks (or Presentation of the Band...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panait Istrati: Encyclopedia Ii - Panait Istrati - Last Years
In fact, the political options Istrati expressed after his split with Bolshevism are rather ambiguous. He was still closely watched by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Political Views
During the First World War and after 1945, many regarded Nietzsche as having helped to cause the German militarism. The German right-wing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mabel Dodge Luhan: Encyclopedia Ii - Mabel Dodge Luhan - Taos
In 1919 Mabel Dodge Sterne, her husband Maurice, and Elsie Clews Parsons moved to Taos[7], New Mexico, and started a literary colony ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Style
Nietzsche is unique among philosophers for what is widely regarded as the remarkable power and effectiveness of his prose style - particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Place In Contemporary Ethical Theory
Nietzsche's work addresses ethics from several perspectives; in today's terms, we might say his remarks pertain to meta-ethics, normative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - In Search Of Lost Time: Encyclopedia Ii - In Search Of Lost Time - Themes
The novel shows how we alienate ourselves from ourselves through distractions, and also, in memorable passages involving the telephone, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Works
Friedrich Nietzsche - Writings and philosophy. Aus meinem Leben, 1858 Über Musik, 1858 Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862 Fatum und Ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Nietzsche's Influence
Recognition of Nietzsche's philosophy grew substantially in the 20th century, eventually influencing a wide variety of literary and philo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Political Views
During the First World War and after 1945, many regarded Nietzsche as having helped to cause the German militarism. In fact, the German r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Gender Views
Nietzsche's comments on women have provoked a great deal of discussion. Given modern sensitivities regarding the sexes and the rise of fe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Works
Friedrich Nietzsche - Writings and philosophy. Aus meinem Leben, 1858 Über Musik, 1858 Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862 Fatum und Ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Criticism Of Nietzsche
"Santayana's Criticism of Nietzsche." According to George Santayana, Nietzsche was "the belated prophet of romanticism" who preferred "th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Life
Friedrich Nietzsche - Youth 1844–1869. Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Reception Of Nietzsche
Among the first to recognize Nietzsche's importance was the German novelist Thomas Mann, who showed Nietzsche's influence in his novels, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Kierkegaard And Nietzsche
Many philosophers believe Nietzsche, aside from the name, knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Kierkegaard And Nietzsche
Many philosophers believe Nietzsche, aside from the name, knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Homosexuality: Encyclopedia Ii - Homosexuality - Historical And Geographical Practices
Sexual customs have varied greatly over time and from one region to another. These, as well as the orientation of particular pre-contempo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Literature Of The 20th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - French Literature Of The 20th Century - Literature After World War Ii
The 1950s and 1960s were highly turbulent times in France: despite a dynamic economy ("les trente glorieuses" or "30 Glorious Years"), th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Life
Friedrich Nietzsche - Youth 1844–1869. Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Style
Nietzsche is unique among philosophers for what is widely regarded as the remarkable power and effectiveness of his prose style - particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Literature Of The 20th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - French Literature Of The 20th Century - From 1914 To 1945
The folly of the First World War generated even more radical tendencies. The Dada movement -- which began in a café in Switzerland in 19...   » Read the article