Andalusi Arabic

The Coptic language is the last phase of the Egyptian languages, and is the direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. The Coptic alphabet is written in a slightly modified form of the Greek alphabet, with some letters (which vary from dialect to dialect) deriving directly from demotic. As a living language of daily conversation, Coptic flourished from circa AD 200 to 1100. It survives today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Including:

• Coptic language - Classification
• Coptic language - Geographic distribution
• Coptic language - Official status
• Coptic language - Dialects
• Coptic language - Vocabulary
• Coptic language - Writing system
• Coptic language - History
• Coptic language - Coptic during the early Arabic period 7th to 10th centuries
• Coptic language - Coptic versus Arabic 11th to 14th centuries
• Coptic language - Decline as a spoken language up to the 17th century
• Coptic language - Revival in the 19th century
• Coptic language - Coptic in the 20th century

Read more here: » Coptic language: Encyclopedia - Coptic language

The Arabic language is a Semitic language. It has many varieties. This entry looks at spoken varieties of Arabic, distinguishing them from Standard Arabic and from each other. It deals with the varieties that Arab speakers learn at home, rather than at school: Arabic is a diglossic language. Varieties of Arabic - Overview. In pre-Islamic times, Arabic had noticeable dialect distinctions - in particular between Qahtanite, Adnan, and Himyar. In modern times, the spoken languages or dialects of people througho ...

Including:

• Varieties of Arabic - Overview
• Varieties of Arabic - General varieties
• Varieties of Arabic - Pre-Islamic or pre-Arab Expansion
• Varieties of Arabic - Post-Islamic or post-Arab Expansion
• Varieties of Arabic - Sedentary vs. Bedouin
• Varieties of Arabic - Morphological and syntactic variation
• Varieties of Arabic - Phonetic variation

Read more here: » Varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia - Varieties of Arabic

A national language of: Mali, Senegal (Hassaniya). International organizations: United Nations, Arab League, Organization of Islamic Conference, African Union Super Nintendo (Super Nintendo; Super Nintendo, less formally, Including:

• Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic
• Arabic language - Arabic and Islam
• Arabic language - Classification and related languages
• Arabic language - Dialects
• Arabic language - Sounds
• Arabic language - Vowels
• Arabic language - Consonants
• Arabic language - Syllable stucture
• Arabic language - Stress
• Arabic language - Dialectal variations
• Arabic language - Grammar
• Arabic language - Writing system
• Arabic language - Calligraphy
• Arabic language - Transliteration

Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia - Arabic language

All dialects, sedentary and Bedouin, share the following innovations from Classical Arabic (CA): The dominant order is subject-verb rather than verb-subject. Verbal agreement between subject and object is always complete. In CA, there was no number agreement between subject and verb when the subject was third-person and the subject followed the verb. Loss of case distinctions. Loss of original mood distinctions other than the indicative and imperativ ...

See also:

Varieties of Arabic, Varieties of Arabic - Overview, Varieties of Arabic - General varieties, Varieties of Arabic - Pre-Islamic or pre-Arab Expansion, Varieties of Arabic - Post-Islamic or post-Arab Expansion, Varieties of Arabic - Sedentary vs. Bedouin, Varieties of Arabic - Morphological and syntactic variation, Varieties of Arabic - Phonetic variation

Read more here: » Varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Varieties of Arabic - Morphological and syntactic variation

The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Standard Arabic. Arabic language - Vowels. Arabic has three vowels, with their long forms, plus two diphthongs: a [ɛ̈] (open e as in English bed, but centralised), i [ɪ], u [ʊ]; ā [æː], ī See also:

Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature

Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Sounds

The exact date of El Cid's birth is unknown. Based on his participation in 1063 at the Battle of Graus, however, most historians believe that El Cid was born between 1043 and 1045, in Vivar (Bivar), a small town about six miles north of Burgos, the capital of Castile. Historical records show that El Cid's father was Diego Laínez, who was part minor nobility (infanzones) of Castile. Diego Laínez was a courtier, bureaucrat, and cavalryman who had fought in several battles. Despite the fact in later years the peasants would consider hi ...

See also:

El Cid, El Cid - Early life, El Cid - Service under Sancho, El Cid - Early military victories, El Cid - Victories over Alfonso and Sancho's death, El Cid - Service under Alfonso, El Cid - Battle tactics, El Cid - Marriage and family life, El Cid - Service as administrator, El Cid - Exile, El Cid - Conquest of Valencia, El Cid - Legend, El Cid - Tizona, El Cid - El Cid in literature film and other media, El Cid - Bibliography

Read more here: » El Cid: Encyclopedia II - El Cid - Early life

Moroccan Arabic is grammatically simpler, and has a less voluminous vocabulary than Classical Arabic. It has also integrated many Berber, French and Spanish words. Spanish borrowed words are probably older in Moroccan Arabic than the French ones, some words might have been brought by Moriscos who spoke Andalusi Arabic which has been influenced by Spanish (Castilian), others might have been brought in because of commercial contacts with Spain. French words ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary

According to the census of 1966, Arabic is the language of 81% of Algeria's population; in addition to this, non-native speakers learn Arabic at school. In Algeria, as elsewhere, spoken Arabic differs very substantially from written Arabic; Algerian Arabic has a much-simplified vowel system, a substantially changed vocabulary with many new words and many words from Berber, Turkish, and French, and, like all Arabic dialects, has dropped the case endings of the written language. Within Algerian Arabic itself, there are significant local variat ...

See also:

Languages of Algeria, Languages of Algeria - Arabic, Languages of Algeria - Berber, Languages of Algeria - Romance languages, Languages of Algeria - Sub-Saharan African languages, Languages of Algeria - Sign languages, Languages of Algeria - Phoenician, Languages of Algeria - Turkish

Read more here: » Languages of Algeria: Encyclopedia II - Languages of Algeria - Arabic

During the early stages of Romance languages development in Iberia, a set of romance dialects was spoken in Muslim areas of the Peninsula by the general population. This is known as the Mozarabic language, though there never was a common standard. This variety of Romance is the first documented in writing in the Peninsula as choruses (kharjas) in Arabic and Hebrew lyrics called muwashshahs. As they were written in Arabic alphabet (aljamiado), the vowels had to be reconstructed. In some aspects, it is m ...

See also:

Mozarab, Mozarab - Language, Mozarab - Religion

Read more here: » Mozarab: Encyclopedia II - Mozarab - Language

Mio sîdî ïbrâhîm yâ tú uemme dolge fente mib de nohte in non si non keris irey-me tib gari-me a ob legar-te Mi señor Ibrahim, ¡oh tú, hombre dulce! vente a mí de noche. Si no, si no quieres, ireme a ti, dime a dónde encontrarte. Meu senhor Ibrâhim, ó tu, homem doce! vem a mim de noite. Senão, se não queres,< ...

See also:

Mozarabic language, Mozarabic language - Sample text 11th century

Read more here: » Mozarabic language: Encyclopedia II - Mozarabic language - Sample text 11th century

Coptic was predominantly used from its Christian beginnings in the late 2nd century till the time of the Great persecution of Diocletian in the late 3rd century as a translational tool from Greek to Egyptian. After the persecution, the monastic movement picked up tremendous steam. The monastic communities were large and mostly Egyptian. This generated the need for the abbots of these communities to write their rules in their Egyptian language. Furthermore, the Fathers of the Egyptian Church, who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed so ...

See also:

Coptic language, Coptic language - Classification, Coptic language - Geographic distribution, Coptic language - Official status, Coptic language - Dialects, Coptic language - Vocabulary, Coptic language - Writing system, Coptic language - History, Coptic language - Coptic during the early Arabic period 7th to 10th centuries, Coptic language - Coptic versus Arabic 11th to 14th centuries, Coptic language - Decline as a spoken language up to the 17th century, Coptic language - Revival in the 19th century, Coptic language - Coptic in the 20th century

Read more here: » Coptic language: Encyclopedia II - Coptic language - History

In Andalusian we find a series of features such as: Seseo (pronunciation of 'c' (before e and i) and 'z' as a 's', or more formally: the phonemes /s/ and /θ/ of standard have mixed into a single phoneme articulated [s]), although ceceo (pronunciation of 's' as 'th', or more formally: the phonemes /s/ and /θ/ of standard have mixed into a single phoneme articulated See also:

Andalusian Spanish, Andalusian Spanish - Features, Andalusian Spanish - Social status

Read more here: » Andalusian Spanish: Encyclopedia II - Andalusian Spanish - Features

The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Standard Arabic. Arabic language - Vowels. Arabic has three vowels, with their long forms, plus two diphthongs: a [ɛ̈] (open e as in English bed, but centralised), i [ɪ], u [ʊ]; ā [æː], ī See also:

Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable stucture, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration

Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Sounds

A basic dialectal distinction that cuts across the entire geography of the Arabic-speaking world is between sedentary and Bedouin varieties. Across the Levant and North Africa (i.e. the areas of post-Islamic settlement), this is mostly reflected as an urban (sedentary) vs. rural (Bedouin) split, but the situation is more complicated in Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula. The distinction stems from the settlement patterns in the wake of the Arab conquests. As regions were conquered, army camps were set up that eventually grew into cities, and settlement ...

See also:

Varieties of Arabic, Varieties of Arabic - Overview, Varieties of Arabic - General varieties, Varieties of Arabic - Pre-Islamic or pre-Arab Expansion, Varieties of Arabic - Post-Islamic or post-Arab Expansion, Varieties of Arabic - Sedentary vs. Bedouin, Varieties of Arabic - Morphological and syntactic variation, Varieties of Arabic - Phonetic variation

Read more here: » Varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Varieties of Arabic - Sedentary vs. Bedouin

See Arabic grammar ...

See also:

Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature

Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Grammar

French is a part of the standard school curriculum, and is widely understood; estimates indicate that 20% of the population can read and write it[1]. There is also a very small community of French native speakers, including pied noirs who stayed behind. The pied noirs developed a distinctive dialect, termed Pataouète. Other Romance languages with a notable historical presence in Algeria include: Ladino was formerly spoken by some Algerian Jews, particularly around Oran, in the Tetuani dialect; however, most shifted to French du ...

See also:

Languages of Algeria, Languages of Algeria - Arabic, Languages of Algeria - Berber, Languages of Algeria - Romance languages, Languages of Algeria - Sub-Saharan African languages, Languages of Algeria - Sign languages, Languages of Algeria - Phoenician, Languages of Algeria - Turkish

Read more here: » Languages of Algeria: Encyclopedia II - Languages of Algeria - Romance languages

The Korandje language of the Saharan oasis of Tabelbala is a heavily Berber-influenced variety of Songhay, a language more widely spoken far to the south in Niger. Another northern Songhay language, Tadaksahak, may be spoken in parts of the far south; its nomadic speakers range over a wide area centered in northern Mali. There are also a few thousand Hausa speakers in the south. ...

See also:

Languages of Algeria, Languages of Algeria - Arabic, Languages of Algeria - Berber, Languages of Algeria - Romance languages, Languages of Algeria - Sub-Saharan African languages, Languages of Algeria - Sign languages, Languages of Algeria - Phoenician, Languages of Algeria - Turkish

Read more here: » Languages of Algeria: Encyclopedia II - Languages of Algeria - Sub-Saharan African languages

The Mozarabs remained out of the influence of French monks and conserved the Visigothic rite of Mass, also known as the Mozarabic rite. The Christian kingdoms of the North, though, have changed to the Latin rite (Castile in 1080) and appointed Northern bishops for the conquered sees. Nowadays, the Mozarabic rite is allowed by a Papal privilege at one chapel of the Toledo Cathedral. The St. Isidro hermit in Madrid also holds occasional Mozarabic masses. A Mozarab br ...

See also:

Mozarab, Mozarab - Language, Mozarab - Religion

Read more here: » Mozarab: Encyclopedia II - Mozarab - Religion

The Berber languages (or Berber language) are spoken in many parts of Algeria, but mainly in Kabylie and around Batna; according to the 1966 census, 19% of Algerians speak Berber. The Berber languages/dialects spoken in Algeria include: In the north: Kabyle in Kabylie Chaouia around Batna Chenoua around Cherchell Tarifit around Arzew probably extinct, in western Algeria: Beni Snous Achacha Ouarsenis

El Cid - Early military victories. As a resident of Castile, the Cid was now a vassal of Sancho. Sancho believed that he, as the King's eldest son, was entitled to inherit all of his father's lands. Once he conquered Leon and Galicia, he began making war on his brothers and sisters. At this time some say that the Cid, having proved himself a loyal and brave knight against the Aragonese, was appointed as the armiger regis, or alferez (standard-bearer). This position entailed commanding the armies of Castile. El Cid - Vi ...

See also:

El Cid, El Cid - Early life, El Cid - Service under Sancho, El Cid - Early military victories, El Cid - Victories over Alfonso and Sancho's death, El Cid - Service under Alfonso, El Cid - Battle tactics, El Cid - Marriage and family life, El Cid - Service as administrator, El Cid - Exile, El Cid - Conquest of Valencia, El Cid - Legend, El Cid - Tizona, El Cid - El Cid in literature film and other media, El Cid - Bibliography

Read more here: » El Cid: Encyclopedia II - El Cid - Service under Sancho