Illyrian names borrowed from Greek: Glaukias, akin to Gk. glaukos, "gleaming, gray, gray-green, etc." Kleitos, akin to Gk. kleinos, "renowned" The following Illyrian names, all of which occur in inscriptions from the upper Neretva river valley near Konjic in Bosnia, are considered to derive from Celtic: Boio Bricussa Iacus Mallaius Mascelio ...

See also:

Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link

Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian names

The first written record of a Romanic language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans was written by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes Confessor in the 6th century about a military expedition against the Avars from 587, when a Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion "Torna, torna fratre" (meaning "Return, return brother!"). The oldest written text in Romanian is a letter from 1521, in which Neacşu of Câmpulung wrote to the mayor of Braşo ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Writing system

This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the followin ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - History

Greek language - Some common words and phrases. Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /ˈe̞liˌnas/ Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /ˌe̞liˈniða/ Greek (language): Ελληνικά /e̞ˌliniˈka/ hello: γεια /ʝa/ (informal, literally "health"), you say this only t ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Examples

Greek language - Typography. Athena, public domain polytonic Greek font Gentium — a typeface for the nations, a freely available font including polytonic Greek support Generator for Greek typographical filler text Greek language - Lexica. Translatum - The Greek Translation Vortal. An extended list of searchable and downloadable Greek dictionaries. Modern Greek–English, English–Modern Greek dictionary. (Basic dictionary) < ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Literature

Modern Greek is written in the late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet, the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the Attic Koine dialect during the Hellenistic era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and small form: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς (word-final ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Writing system

Ancient Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, was highly inflected. For example nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in four main tenses (present, a ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Grammar

Main article: Romanian phonology Romanian has seven vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ə/, and /ɨ/. Additionally, vowel See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Sounds

On the afternoon of June 10 - 11, 323 BC, Alexander died of a mysterious illness in the palace of Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon. He was only 33 years old. Various theories have been proposed for the cause of his death which include poisoning by the sons of Antipater or others, sickness that followed a drinking party, or a relapse of the malaria he had contracted in 336 BC. What is certain is that on May 29, Alexander participated in a banquet organized by his friend Medius of Larissa. After some heavy drinking, immediately or after a b ...

See also:

Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great - Early life, Alexander the Great - The ascent of Macedon, Alexander the Great - Period of conquests, Alexander the Great - The defeat of the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great - The invasion of India, Alexander the Great - After India, Alexander the Great - Alexander's marriages and sexuality, Alexander the Great - The army of Alexander the Great before the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander the Great - Infantry, Alexander the Great - Cavalry, Alexander the Great - Death, Alexander the Great - Legacy and division of the empire, Alexander the Great - Timeline, Alexander the Great - Alexander's character, Alexander the Great - Stories and legends, Alexander the Great - Ancient sources, Alexander the Great - Alexander's legend, Alexander the Great - Alexander's legend in non-Western sources, Alexander the Great - Main towns founded by Alexander, Alexander the Great - Alexander in popular media, Alexander the Great - Note

Read more here: » Alexander the Great: Encyclopedia II - Alexander the Great - Death

Romanian nouns are inflected by gender (feminine, masculine and neuter), number (singular and plural) and case (nominative/accusative, dative/genitive and vocative). The articles, as well as most adjectives and pronouns, agree in gender with the noun they reference. Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are enclitic: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in North Germanic languages), instead of in front (proclitic). They were formed, as in other Romance lang ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Grammar

This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventi ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - History

Greek language - Some common words and phrases. Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /ˈe̞liˌnas/ Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /ˌe̞liˈniða/ Greek (language): Ελληνικά /e̞ˌliniˈka/ hello: γεια /ʝa/ (informal, literally "health"), you say this only t ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Examples

See main article: Ancient Macedonian language. The language spoken by the area's inhabitants prior to the 5th century BC, and continued into the early centuries of the Common Era by the rural population, is attested in some hundred words from various glosses (mainly those of Hesychius of Alexandria, 5th century AD), as well as placenames and personal names. The majority of these words can be confidently identified as Greek, and the language was either closely related to Greek, or perhaps even a dialect of Greek. There are words, however, that are not easily identifiable as Greek, a number of which for example show voiced stops ...

See also:

Macedon, Macedon - Early history, Macedon - Expansion, Macedon - Decline, Macedon - Calendar, Macedon - Language, Macedon - Hellenic controversy, Macedon - Herodotus, Macedon - Linguistics

Read more here: » Macedon: Encyclopedia II - Macedon - Language

Under Philip II, (359-336 BC), Macedon expanded into the territory of the Paionians, Thracians, and Illyrians. This brought into its orbit the Monastir (now Bitola) and Gevgelija districts of what is now the Republic of Macedonia. Macedon became more politically involved with the south-central city-states of Ancient Greece, but it also retained more archaic features like the palace-culture, first at Aegae (modern Vergina) then at Pella, resembling Mycenaean culture more than classic Hellenic city-states, and other archaic customs, like Philip's multiple wives in addition to his Epirote ...

See also:

Macedon, Macedon - Early history, Macedon - Expansion, Macedon - Decline, Macedon - Calendar, Macedon - Language, Macedon - Hellenic controversy, Macedon - Herodotus, Macedon - Linguistics

Read more here: » Macedon: Encyclopedia II - Macedon - Expansion

As the Indo-European languages broke up, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) sound system diverged as well. The difference between the palatalized and plain velars (or perhaps velars and uvulars) seems to have been allophonic in PIE, but became phonemic in many of the daughter languages. Note - this draught table needs to be completed, verified, and the allophones explained. Notes: C- is an initial consonant, -C a final consonant, -C- an intervocalic consonant, and 'C a consonant following PIE s ...

See also:

Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Sound changes

The first Macedonian state emerged 8th or early 7th century BC under the Argead Dynasty, when the Macedonians are said to have migrated to the region from further west. Their first king is recorded as Perdiccas I. Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon, the Macedonians started to expand into Eordaia, Bottiaea, Pieria, Mygdonia, and Almopia. Near the modern city of Edessa, Perdiccas I (or, more likely, his son, Argaeus I) b ...

See also:

Macedon, Macedon - Early history, Macedon - Expansion, Macedon - Decline, Macedon - Calendar, Macedon - Language, Macedon - Hellenic controversy, Macedon - Herodotus, Macedon - Linguistics

Read more here: » Macedon: Encyclopedia II - Macedon - Early history

The Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Bulgarian languages are related to Macedonian, but they are significantly different, except for Bulgarian which is mutually intelligible, with some difficulties, with Macedonian. They all compose the South Slavic dialect continuum for the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. The exact classification of the Macedonian language is a political issue. With Serbia's standard language being based a good distance from Macedonia's border, the transitional language linking Macedonian and Bulgar ...

See also:

Macedonian language, Macedonian language - History, Macedonian language - Different political views on the language, Macedonian language - Macedonian view, Macedonian language - Bulgarian view, Macedonian language - Serbian view, Macedonian language - Greek view, Macedonian language - Alphabet, Macedonian language - Common Phrases, Macedonian language - Classification and related languages, Macedonian language - Some unique features of the Macedonian language

Read more here: » Macedonian language: Encyclopedia II - Macedonian language - Classification and related languages

Modern Greek is written in the late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet, the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the Attic Koine dialect during the Hellenistic era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and small form: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς (word-final ...

See also:

Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Writing system

Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian and Spanish. However, the languages closest to Romanian are the other Eastern Romance languages, spoken south of Danube: Aromanian/Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, which are sometimes classified as dialects of Romanian. An alternate name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Classification and related languages

Romanian is spoken mostly in Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, but there are also Romanian language speakers in countries like Canada, United States, Germany, Israel, Australia and New Zealand, mainly due to immigration after World War II. Romanian language - Official status. Romanian is the official language of Romania. In Vojvodina it is established as equal in rights to the official languages, but in fact its status is inferior to that of Serbian due to the small numbe ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Geographic distribution

The Romanian territory was inhabited in ancient times by the Dacians, an Indo-European people. They were defeated by the Roman Empire in 106 and part of Dacia (Oltenia, Banat and Transylvania) became a Roman province. For the next 165 years, there is evidence of considerable Roman colonization in the area, the region being in close communication with the rest of the Roman empire. Vulgar Latin became the ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - History