Ancient Greek philosophers

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia II - Mixed government - Ancient Greek philosophers

Plato in his book The Republic divided governments into four basic types: democracy - government by the many oligarchy - government by the few (often called aristocracy, i.e. government by the "best") timocracy - government by socio-military complexes (i.e., the form of government used in Sparta) monarchy/tyranny - government by the one He found flaws with all of them and thus concluded that none were suitable systems of government. Aristotle largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his P ...

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Classical definition of effeminacy - Ancient and Hellenistic Greece

Classical definition of effeminacy - Lexicon entry for synonyms

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Alchemy

Alchemy is an early protoscientific and philosophical discipline combining the elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, and art. Alchemy has been practiced in ancient Egypt, India, and China, in Classical Greece and Rome, in the Islamic Empire, and then in Europe up to the 19th century — in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2500 years. The alchemists did not follow what is now known as the scientific method, and much of the "knowledge" they p ...

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Alchemy - Overview

Alchemy - Alchemy in art and entertainment

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Macrocosm and microcosm

Macrocosm and microcosm is an ancient Greek schema of seeing the same patterns reproduced in all levels of reality. It may have begun with Democritus in the fifth century B.C. or with Pythagoras and is a philosophical conception that runs through Socrates, and Plato and through to the Renaissance. With Pythagoras, the discovery of the golden ratio and its philosophical conception called the Golden mean, the Greeks saw that this golden ratio is repeated in all parts of the ordered universe both large and small. The Greeks were very con ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Gymnosophists

Gymnosophists is the name (meaning "naked philosophers") given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism to the point of regarding food and clothing as detrimental to purity of thought. Diogenes Laertius (ix. 61 and 63) refers to them, and asserts that Pyrrho of Elis, the founder of pure scepticism, came under their influence, and on his return to Elis imitated their habits of life; howe ...

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Western philosophy

Western philosophy is a line of related philosophical thinking, beginning in Ancient Greece, and including the predominant philosophical thinking of Europe and its former colonies, and continues to this day. The concept of philosophy itself originated in the West, derived from the ancient Greek word philosophia (φιλοσοφια); literally, "the love of wisdom" (philein = "to love" + sophia = wisdom, in the sense of theoretical or cosmic insight). However, many non-Western religions have adopted the term philosophy in reference to cosmic intellectual discourse ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Aztec philosophy

Aztec philosophy was the school of philosophy developed by the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs had a well developed school of philosophy, perhaps the most developed in the Americas and in many ways comprable to Greek philosophy, even amassing more texts than the ancient Greeks (Mann, 121). Aztec philosophy focused on dualism, monism, and aesthetics, and Aztec philosophers attempted to answer the main Aztec philosophical question of how to gain stability and balance in an ephemeral world. Aztec philosophy - Beliefs. < ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Logos

The Greek word λόγος or logos is a word with various meanings. It is often translated into English as "Word" but can also mean thought, speech, reason, principle, standard, or logic among other things. It has varied use in the fields of philosophy, analytical psychology, rhetoric and religion. Logos - Use in ancient philosophy. In ancient philosophy, Logos was used by Heraclitus, one of the more eminent Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, to describe human knowledge and the inherent order in ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Parmenides

Parmenides of Elea (5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He is reported to have been a student of Xenophanes, and the founder of the Eleatic school, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. He is one of the most significant of the pre-Socratic philosophers. His only known work, conventionally titled 'On Nature' is an apocalyptic poem, which has only survived in fragmentary form. Approximately 150 lines of the poem remain today. It is known, ho ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Arguments for eternity

Arguments for eternity composed a particularly important area of philosophical debate among Greek, Jewish, Islamic, and Christian philosophers during the ancient and medieval periods. The foremost philosopher arguing for eternity was Aristotle. Those ascribing to Creationism ex nihilo (that is, creation from nothing) challenged these arguments for eternity, and held instead that God created the universe, so that the universe had a definite beginning in time. Arguments for eternity - From the nature of the physical ...

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Arguments for eternity - From the nature of the physical world

Arguments for eternity - Indirect proofs

Arguments for eternity - Sources

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Aristotle

Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers in Western thought. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato an ...

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Aristotle - Biography

Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics

Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics

Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics

Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Hylozoism

Hylozoism is the philosophical doctrine that all material things possess life. The term was introduced by Ralph Cudworth in 1678. Some of the ancient Greek philosophers taught a version of hylozoism. Thales, Anaximenes, and Heraklitus all taught that there is a form of life in all material objects, and the Stoics believed that a world soul informed all things in the world. It is important to note that these philosophies did not necessarily hold that material objects had separate life or identity, necessarily, but only that they had life, either as part of an overrid ...

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Cynic

The Cynics were an influential school of ancient philosophers. They rejected the social values of their time, often flouting conventions in shocking ways to prove their point. They challenged their listeners to get in touch with their "natural" animal side. Their name is thought to be derived either from the building in Athens called Cynosarges, the earliest home of the school, or from the Greek word for a dog (kuon), in contemptuous allusion to the uncouth and aggressive manners adopted by the members of the school. Whi ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Philosophy

The word Philosophy has a variety of meanings. Its etymology is from the ancient Greek word "Φιλοσοφία" (philo-sophia), which means "love of wisdom." Philosophy - Branches of philosophy. Philosophers analyse and investigate such concepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty. Philosophers may ask critical questions about the nature of these concepts — questions typically outside the scope of other disciplines, such as science. Several major works of post ...

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Philosophy - Branches of philosophy

Philosophy - History of Philosophy

Philosophy - Bibliography

Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Alcmaeon

An ancient Greek (c. 450 B.C.) scientist-philosopher who discovered that the brain is the seat of understanding. Also in Greek mythology, Alcmaeon, or Alkmáon, was the son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. Eriphyle persuaded Amphiaraus to take part in the Seven Against Thebes raid, though he knew he would die. Eriphyle was convinced to support the battle by Polynices, who offered her the necklace of Harmonia. Amphiaraus asked his sons, Alcmaeon and Amphilochus, to avenge his death, and Alcmaeon killed his mother when A ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Epicurus

Epicurus (Epikouros or 'Eπίκουρος in Greek) (born Samos 341 BC–died Athens, 270 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher who was the founder of Epicureanism, one of the most popular schools of Hellenistic Philosophy. Epicurus - Biography. Epicurus was born into an Athenian émigré family — his parents, Neocles and Chaerestrate, both Athenian citizens, were sent to an Athenian settlement on the Aegean island of Samos. According to Apollodorus (reported by Diogenes Laertius at X.14-15) ...

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Ancient Greek philosophers: Encyclopedia - Archimedes

Archimedes (Greek: Αρχιμηδης ) (287 BC–212 BC) was an ancient mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer and philosopher born in the Greek seaport colony of Syracuse. He is considered by some math historians to be one of history's greatest mathematicians, along with possibly Newton, Gauss and Euler. Archimedes - Discoveries and inventions. Archimedes became a popular figure as a result of his involvement in the defense of Syracuse against the Roman siege in the First and Second Punic Wars. He ...

Ancient Greek philosophers

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