anatomist

Belgium is a constitutional popular monarchy and parliamentary democracy that evolved after World War II from a unitary state to a federation. The bicameral parliament is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives. The former is a mix of directly elected senior politicians and representatives of the communities and regions; while the latter represents all Belgians over the age of eighteen in a proportional voting system. Belgium is one of the few countries that has compulsory voting, thus having one of the highest rates of voter t ...

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Belgium, Belgium - History, Belgium - Politics, Belgium - Communities and regions, Belgium - Geography, Belgium - Economy, Belgium - Demographics, Belgium - Culture, Belgium - Notes

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Belgium, with an area of 30,528 km², has three main geographical regions: the coastal plain in the north-west, the central plateau, and the Ardennes uplands in the south-east. The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and polders. Polders are areas of land, close to or below sea level that have been reclaimed from the sea, from which they are protected by dikes or, further inland, by fields that have been drained with canals. The second geographical region, the central plateau, lies further inland. This is a smooth, slowly rising ...

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Belgium, Belgium - History, Belgium - Politics, Belgium - Communities and regions, Belgium - Geography, Belgium - Economy, Belgium - Demographics, Belgium - Culture, Belgium - Notes

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The country's constitution was revised on 14 July 1993 to create a unique federal state, based on three levels: The federal government, based in Brussels. The three language communities: the Flemish (i.e., Dutch-speaking) Community; the French (i.e., French-speaking) Community; and the German-speaking Community. The three regions (which differ from the language communities with respect to the German-speaking community and the Brussels region): the Flemish Region;< ...

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Belgium, Belgium - History, Belgium - Politics, Belgium - Communities and regions, Belgium - Geography, Belgium - Economy, Belgium - Demographics, Belgium - Culture, Belgium - Notes

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Coined after the evolutionary biologist, George C. Williams, the Williams revolution is a paradigm shift which occurred in evolutionary biology in the mid-1960s in which verbal arguments, couched in terms of "survival of the species" (essentially group selection arguments) were largely replaced by a gene-centered view of evolution, epitomised by kin selection. Models of the period showed that group selection was severely limited in its strength, although these models have since b ...

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History of evolutionary thought, History of evolutionary thought - From ancient times to 1850s, History of evolutionary thought - Acquired characteristics Lamarckism and natural selection, History of evolutionary thought - Later discrediting of Lamarckism and Orthogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1850s - early 20th century: Darwin's theory, History of evolutionary thought - 1920s-1940s: the modern evolutionary synthesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1940s-1960s: developments following molecular biology, History of evolutionary thought - 1960s-1980s: Williams revolution punctuated equilibrium, History of evolutionary thought - 1970s-2000s: evolutionary biology as a discipline, History of evolutionary thought - Recent developments in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Symbiogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - Neo-structuralist themes in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Altruism, History of evolutionary thought - Horizontal gene transfer, History of evolutionary thought - Unconventional extensions to evolutionary ideas, History of evolutionary thought - De Chardin's and Huxley's theories

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Evolutionary biology as an academic discipline in its own right emerged as a result of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s. It was not until the 1970s and 1980s, however, that a significant number of universities had departments that specifically included the term evolutionary biology in their titles. In the United States, as a result of the rapid growth of molecular and cell biology, many universities have split (or aggregated) their biology departments into molecular and cell biology-style departments and ecology and evolutionary biology-s ...

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History of evolutionary thought, History of evolutionary thought - From ancient times to 1850s, History of evolutionary thought - Acquired characteristics Lamarckism and natural selection, History of evolutionary thought - Later discrediting of Lamarckism and Orthogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1850s - early 20th century: Darwin's theory, History of evolutionary thought - 1920s-1940s: the modern evolutionary synthesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1940s-1960s: developments following molecular biology, History of evolutionary thought - 1960s-1980s: Williams revolution punctuated equilibrium, History of evolutionary thought - 1970s-2000s: evolutionary biology as a discipline, History of evolutionary thought - Recent developments in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Symbiogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - Neo-structuralist themes in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Altruism, History of evolutionary thought - Horizontal gene transfer, History of evolutionary thought - Unconventional extensions to evolutionary ideas, History of evolutionary thought - De Chardin's and Huxley's theories

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Thyroid - Gross anatomy. The thyroid is situated on the front side of the neck at the level of C5 to T1 vertebral bodies, just below the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), near the thyroid cartilage over the trachea but covered by layers of skin and muscle. The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands - 10-20 grams in adults- and butterfly-shaped: the wings correspond to the lobes and the body to the isthmus of the thyroid. It may enlarge substantially during pregnancy and when affected by a variety of diseases. See also:

Thyroid, Thyroid - Anatomy, Thyroid - Gross anatomy, Thyroid - Blood supply, Thyroid - Histology of the thyroid, Thyroid - Physiology, Thyroid - T3 and T4 production and action, Thyroid - T3 and T4 regulation, Thyroid - Calcitonin, Thyroid - The significance of iodine, Thyroid - Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid - Diagnosis, Thyroid - Treatment, Thyroid - Medical treatment, Thyroid - Thyroid surgery, Thyroid - History, Thyroid - External link

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Hyper- and hypofunction: Hypothyroidism Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis Ord's thyroiditis Postoperative hypothyroidism Postpartum thyroiditis Silent thyroiditis Acute thyroiditis Iatrogenic hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Thyroid storm Graves-Basedow disease Toxic thyroid nodule Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease) Hashitoxicos ...

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Thyroid, Thyroid - Anatomy, Thyroid - Gross anatomy, Thyroid - Blood supply, Thyroid - Histology of the thyroid, Thyroid - Physiology, Thyroid - T3 and T4 production and action, Thyroid - T3 and T4 regulation, Thyroid - Calcitonin, Thyroid - The significance of iodine, Thyroid - Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid - Diagnosis, Thyroid - Treatment, Thyroid - Medical treatment, Thyroid - Thyroid surgery, Thyroid - History, Thyroid - External link

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The measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels is often used by doctors as a screening test. Elevated TSH levels can signify an inadequate hormone production, while suppressed levels can point at excessive unregulated production of hormone. If TSH is abnormal, decreased levels of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 may be present; these may be determined to confirm this. Autoantibodies may be detected in various disease states (anti-TG, anti-TPO, TSH receptor stimulating antibodies). Infrequently, TBG and transthyretin levels may be abno ...

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Thyroid, Thyroid - Anatomy, Thyroid - Gross anatomy, Thyroid - Blood supply, Thyroid - Histology of the thyroid, Thyroid - Physiology, Thyroid - T3 and T4 production and action, Thyroid - T3 and T4 regulation, Thyroid - Calcitonin, Thyroid - The significance of iodine, Thyroid - Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid - Diagnosis, Thyroid - Treatment, Thyroid - Medical treatment, Thyroid - Thyroid surgery, Thyroid - History, Thyroid - External link

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Soon after publication, Vesalius was invited as Imperial physician to the court of Emperor Charles V. He informed the Venetian Senate that he was leaving his post in Padua, which prompted Duke Cosimo I de' Medici to persuade him to move to the expanding university in Pisa, which he turned down. Vesalius took up a position in the court, where he had to deal with the other physicians mocking him as being a barber. Over the next twelve years Vesalius travelled with the court, treating injuries from battle or tournaments, performing surge ...

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Vesalius, Vesalius - Early life and education, Vesalius - De Corporis Fabrica, Vesalius - Imperial Physician and Death, Vesalius - Trivia

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Sir Cooper's greatest contribution has probably been in the field of vascular surgery, particularly on cerebral circulation. He was the first to demonstrate experimentally the effects of bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries in dogs and to propose treatment of aneurysms by ligation of the vessel. He 1805 he published in the first volume of Medico-Chirurgical Transactions his attempt to tie the common carotid artery for treating an aneurysm in a patient. In 1808 he tried the same with the external iliac artery for a femoral aneurysm and in 1817 he l ...

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Astley Cooper, Astley Cooper - Life, Astley Cooper - Works, Astley Cooper - Reference

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Albert Kölliker was born in Zurich, Switzerland. His early education was carried on in Zurich, and he entered the university there in 1836. After two years, however, he moved to the University of Bonn, and later to that of Berlin, becoming a pupil of noted physiologists Johannes Peter Müller and of Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle. He graduated in philosophy at Zurich in 1841, and in medicine at Heidelberg in 1842. The first academic post which he held was that of prosector of anatomy under Henle, but his tenure of this office was brief - in 1 ...

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Albert von Kölliker, Albert von Kölliker - Life, Albert von Kölliker - Works, Albert von Kölliker - Source

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The pancreas is an organ located posterior to the stomach and in close association with the duodenum. In humans the pancreas is a small elongated organ in the abdomen. It is described as having a head, body and tail. The pancreatic head abuts the second part of the duodenum while the tail extends towards the spleen. The pancreatic duct runs the length of the pancreas and empties into the second part of the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct commonly joins the pa ...

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Pancreas, Pancreas - Anatomy, Pancreas - Function, Pancreas - Exocrine, Pancreas - Endocrine, Pancreas - Edibility, Pancreas - Diseases of the pancreas, Pancreas - History

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Thyroid - Medical treatment. Levothyroxine is a stereoisomer of thyroxine which is degraded much slower and can be administered once daily in patients with hypothyroidism. Graves' disease may be treated with the thioamide drugs propylthiouracil, carbimazole or methimazole, or rarely with Lugol's solution. Hyperthyroidism as well as thyroid tumors may be treated with radioactive iodine. ...

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Thyroid, Thyroid - Anatomy, Thyroid - Gross anatomy, Thyroid - Blood supply, Thyroid - Histology of the thyroid, Thyroid - Physiology, Thyroid - T3 and T4 production and action, Thyroid - T3 and T4 regulation, Thyroid - Calcitonin, Thyroid - The significance of iodine, Thyroid - Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid - Diagnosis, Thyroid - Treatment, Thyroid - Medical treatment, Thyroid - Thyroid surgery, Thyroid - History, Thyroid - External link

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Politzer was a prolific inventor of new medical devices for the diagnosis and treatment of ear diseases. He developed several surgical instruments which bear his name for the operation of the outer and the inner ear structures, such as an ear perforator, a surgical knife, a grommet for the ventilation of the inner ear after paracentesis, as well as a method to restore permeability to the Eustachian tube by using an insufflator made out of a pear-shaped rubber bag ("politzerisation" or Politzer's method). He also devised methods and apparatus ...

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Ádám Politzer, Ádám Politzer - Life, Ádám Politzer - Works, Ádám Politzer - Bibliography

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Leonardo pioneered new painting techniques in many of his pieces. One of them, a colour shading technique called "Chiaroscuro", used a series of glazes custom-made by Leonardo. It is characterized by subtle transitions between colour areas. Another effect created by da Vinci is called sfumato, which creates an atmospheric haze or smoky effect. Chiaroscuro is a technique of bold contrast between light and dark. Leonardo da Vinci - ...

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Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo da Vinci - Life, Leonardo da Vinci - Personal life, Leonardo da Vinci - Professional life, Leonardo da Vinci - Art, Leonardo da Vinci - Early works in Florence 1452-1482, Leonardo da Vinci - Milan 1482-1499, Leonardo da Vinci - Nomadic Period - Italy and France 1499-1519, Leonardo da Vinci - List of artworks, Leonardo da Vinci - Science and engineering, Leonardo da Vinci - Anatomy, Leonardo da Vinci - Inventions and engineering, Leonardo da Vinci - His notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci - In fiction, Leonardo da Vinci - Notes

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History of evolutionary thought - De Chardin's and Huxley's theories. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Julian Huxley formulated theories describing the gradual development of the Universe from subatomic particles to human society, considered by Teilhard as the last stage. (see Gaia theory). These are not generally recognized as scientifically rigorous. Nine levels of development are described in their scheme. Stages one through five are grouped into the Lithosphere, also called Geosphere or Physiosphere, whe ...

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History of evolutionary thought, History of evolutionary thought - From ancient times to 1850s, History of evolutionary thought - Acquired characteristics Lamarckism and natural selection, History of evolutionary thought - Later discrediting of Lamarckism and Orthogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1850s - early 20th century: Darwin's theory, History of evolutionary thought - 1920s-1940s: the modern evolutionary synthesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1940s-1960s: developments following molecular biology, History of evolutionary thought - 1960s-1980s: Williams revolution punctuated equilibrium, History of evolutionary thought - 1970s-2000s: evolutionary biology as a discipline, History of evolutionary thought - Recent developments in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Symbiogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - Neo-structuralist themes in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Altruism, History of evolutionary thought - Horizontal gene transfer, History of evolutionary thought - Unconventional extensions to evolutionary ideas, History of evolutionary thought - De Chardin's and Huxley's theories

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Daniel Dennett (1995) argues in Darwin's Dangerous Idea that natural selection is an algorithmic process applicable to many circumstances besides biological evolution. This conception of evolutionary has been dubbed "universal Darwinism". History of evolutionary thought - Symbiogenesis. Main article: Symbiogenesis Another extension to the standard modern synthesis, advocated by Lynn Margulis, is symbiogenesis. Symbiogenesis argues that acquisition and accumulation of random mutations o ...

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History of evolutionary thought, History of evolutionary thought - From ancient times to 1850s, History of evolutionary thought - Acquired characteristics Lamarckism and natural selection, History of evolutionary thought - Later discrediting of Lamarckism and Orthogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1850s - early 20th century: Darwin's theory, History of evolutionary thought - 1920s-1940s: the modern evolutionary synthesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1940s-1960s: developments following molecular biology, History of evolutionary thought - 1960s-1980s: Williams revolution punctuated equilibrium, History of evolutionary thought - 1970s-2000s: evolutionary biology as a discipline, History of evolutionary thought - Recent developments in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Symbiogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - Neo-structuralist themes in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Altruism, History of evolutionary thought - Horizontal gene transfer, History of evolutionary thought - Unconventional extensions to evolutionary ideas, History of evolutionary thought - De Chardin's and Huxley's theories

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Renaissance humanism saw no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and as impressive and innovative as Leonardo's artistic work are his studies in science and engineering, recorded in notebooks comprising some 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and science. These notes were made and maintained through Leonardo's travels through Europe, during which he made continual observations of the world around him. He was left-handed and used mirror writing throughout his life. This is explainable by the fact th ...

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Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo da Vinci - Life, Leonardo da Vinci - Personal life, Leonardo da Vinci - Professional life, Leonardo da Vinci - Art, Leonardo da Vinci - Early works in Florence 1452-1482, Leonardo da Vinci - Milan 1482-1499, Leonardo da Vinci - Nomadic Period - Italy and France 1499-1519, Leonardo da Vinci - List of artworks, Leonardo da Vinci - Science and engineering, Leonardo da Vinci - Anatomy, Leonardo da Vinci - Inventions and engineering, Leonardo da Vinci - His notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci - In fiction, Leonardo da Vinci - Notes

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With the genius and legacy of Leonardo da Vinci having captivated authors and scholars generations after his death, many examples of "Da Vinci fiction" can be found in culture and literature. Such an example is "The Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown, published 2003. Leonard of Quirm, a character in the Discworld series of novels, is based largely on Leonardo Da Vinci. ...

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Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo da Vinci - Life, Leonardo da Vinci - Personal life, Leonardo da Vinci - Professional life, Leonardo da Vinci - Art, Leonardo da Vinci - Early works in Florence 1452-1482, Leonardo da Vinci - Milan 1482-1499, Leonardo da Vinci - Nomadic Period - Italy and France 1499-1519, Leonardo da Vinci - List of artworks, Leonardo da Vinci - Science and engineering, Leonardo da Vinci - Anatomy, Leonardo da Vinci - Inventions and engineering, Leonardo da Vinci - His notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci - In fiction, Leonardo da Vinci - Notes

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Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech production center of the brain located in the frontal lobes (now known as the Broca's area . He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of aphasic patients (persons unable to talk), particularly the brain of his first patient in the Bicêtre Hospital, nickname "Tan" due to the patient's inability to clearly speak any words other than "tan". In 1861, through post-mortem autopsy, Broca determined that Tan had a lesion caused by syphillis in the left cerebral hemisphere. This ...

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Paul Pierre Broca, Paul Pierre Broca - Education and research, Paul Pierre Broca - Speech research, Paul Pierre Broca - Anthropology research, Paul Pierre Broca - Anatomy research, Paul Pierre Broca - Personal

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Belgium is a constitutional popular monarchy and parliamentary democracy that evolved after World War II from a unitary state to a federation. The bicameral parliament is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives. The former is a mix of directly elected senior politicians and representatives of the communities and regions; while the latter represents all Belgians over the age of eighteen in a proportional voting system. Belgium is one of the few countries that has compulsory voting, thus having one of the highest rates of voter turnout in the w ...

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Belgium, Belgium - History, Belgium - Politics, Belgium - Communities and regions, Belgium - Geography, Belgium - Economy, Belgium - Demographics, Belgium - Culture, Belgium - Notes

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