Note: For more detailed information, see Thoracic vertebrae Their spinous processes point downwards, and are long relative to those in other regions. They have surfaces that articulate with the ribs. Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with the rib cage prevents much flexion or other excursion. ...

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Vertebra, Vertebra - General structure, Vertebra - Cervical vertebrae, Vertebra - Thoracic vertebrae, Vertebra - Lumbar vertebrae, Vertebra - Vertebral Development

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Note: For more detailed information, see Lumbar vertebrae These vertebrae are very robust in construction, as they must support more weight than other vertebrae. They allow significant flexion and extension, moderate lateral flexion (sidebending), and a small degree of rotation. The discs between these vertebrae create a lumbar lordosis (curvature that is concave posteriorly) in the human spine. ...

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Vertebra, Vertebra - General structure, Vertebra - Cervical vertebrae, Vertebra - Thoracic vertebrae, Vertebra - Lumbar vertebrae, Vertebra - Vertebral Development

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During the fourth week of embryonic development, the sclerotomes shift their position to surround the spinal cord and the notochord. The sclerotome is made of mesoderm and originates from the ventromedial part of the somites. This column of tissue has a segmented appearance, with alternating areas of dense and less dense areas. As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body. Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes. The less dense tissue that separates the scleroto ...

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Vertebra, Vertebra - General structure, Vertebra - Cervical vertebrae, Vertebra - Thoracic vertebrae, Vertebra - Lumbar vertebrae, Vertebra - Vertebral Development

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The nasal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the opposite nasal and the maxilla. This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant. ...

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Nasal bone, Nasal bone - Surfaces, Nasal bone - Borders, Nasal bone - Ossification, Nasal bone - Articulations

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The lacrimal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the maxilla and the inferior nasal concha. SKULL: cranial (frontal | parietal | temporal | occipital | sphenoid | ethmoid) | facial (zygomatic | maxilla | nasal | mandible | palatine | lacrimal | vomer | inferior nasal conchae) | ossicles (malleus ...

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Lacrimal bone, Lacrimal bone - Surfaces, Lacrimal bone - Borders, Lacrimal bone - Ossification, Lacrimal bone - Articulations

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The lacrimal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the maxilla and the inferior nasal concha. THORAX: sternum | rib SKULL: cranial bones (occipital | parietal | frontal | temporal | sphenoid | ethmoid) facial bones (nasal | maxilla | lacrimal | zygomatic | palatine | inferior nasal conchae | vomer | mandible | hyoid) UPPER EXTREMITY: clavicle | ...

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Lacrimal bone, Lacrimal bone - Surfaces, Lacrimal bone - Borders, Lacrimal bone - Ossification, Lacrimal bone - Articulations

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The human arm contains bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels. Many of these muscles are used for everyday tasks. There are clinical uses for the arm, including venepuncture and peripheral venous cannulation in the cubital fossa. Arm - Bony structure and joints. The humerus is the (upper) arm bone. It articulates with the scapula above at the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and with the ulna and radius below as the elbow joint. Main article: shoulder The shoulder is the ball-and-socket joint between the proximal ...

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Arm, Arm - Anatomy of the human arm, Arm - Bony structure and joints, Arm - Osteofascial compartments, Arm - Cubital fossa, Arm - Nervous supply, Arm - Blood supply and venous drainage

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The antero-lateral border begins above in front of the head, runs vertically downward to a little below the middle of the bone, and then curving somewhat lateralward, bifurcates so as to embrace a triangular subcutaneous surface immediately above the lateral malleolus. This border gives attachment to an intermuscular septum, which separates the Extensor muscles on the anterior surface of the leg from the Peronæi longus ...

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Fibula, Fibula - The Upper Extremity or Head, Fibula - The Body or Shaft, Fibula - Borders, Fibula - Surfaces, Fibula - The Lower Extremity or Lateral Malleolus, Fibula - Ossification

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The anterior surface is the interval between the antero-lateral and antero-medial borders. It is extremely narrow and flat in the upper third of its extent; broader and grooved longitudinally in its lower third; it serves for the origin of three muscles: the Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus, and Peronæus tertius. The posterior surface is the space included between the postero-lateral and the postero-medial borders; it is continuous below with the triangular area above the articular surface of the lateral malleolus; ...

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Fibula, Fibula - The Upper Extremity or Head, Fibula - The Body or Shaft, Fibula - Borders, Fibula - Surfaces, Fibula - The Lower Extremity or Lateral Malleolus, Fibula - Ossification

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Long bones can be connected to muscles via tendons. Bones connect at joints by ligaments. The interaction between bone and muscle is studied in biomechanics. Bone - Post-mortem functions. Cut and polished bone from a variety of animals is sometimes used as material for jewelry and other crafts. Ground cattle bone is sometimes used as fertilizer. In the Stone Age bone was used to manufacture ...

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Bone, Bone - Functions, Bone - Post-mortem functions, Bone - Structure, Bone - Cells, Bone - Matrix, Bone - Formation, Bone - Bone pathologies, Bone - Terminology

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Bone is a relatively hard and lightweight composite material, formed mostly of calcium phosphate in the chemical arrangement termed calcium hydroxyapatite. It has relatively high compressive strength but poor tensile strength. While bone is essentially brittle, it does have a degree of significant elasticity contributed by its organic components (chiefly collagen). Bone has an internal mesh-like structure, the density of w ...

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Bone, Bone - Functions, Bone - Post-mortem functions, Bone - Structure, Bone - Cells, Bone - Matrix, Bone - Formation, Bone - Bone pathologies, Bone - Terminology

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The formation of bone occurs by two methods: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull; the bone is formed from mesenchyme tissue. Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones, such as limbs; the bone is formed from cartilage. Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called "primary ossification centers." They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth ...

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Bone, Bone - Functions, Bone - Post-mortem functions, Bone - Structure, Bone - Cells, Bone - Matrix, Bone - Formation, Bone - Bone pathologies, Bone - Terminology

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One of the most common bone illnesses is a bone fracture. Bones heal by natural processes, but untended and unsupported can lead to misgrown bone. Other illnesses are for example osteoporosis and bone cancer (osteosarcoma). The joints can be affected by arthritis. ...

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Bone, Bone - Functions, Bone - Post-mortem functions, Bone - Structure, Bone - Cells, Bone - Matrix, Bone - Formation, Bone - Bone pathologies, Bone - Terminology

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The sternum (Figs. 1 to 3) is an elongated, flattened bone, forming the middle portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. Its upper end supports the clavicles (Collar bones), and its margins articulate with the cartilages of the first seven pairs of ribs. It consists of three parts, named from above downward, the manubrium, the body or gladiolus, and the xiphoid process; in early life the body consists of ...

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Sternum, Sternum - Overview, Sternum - Manubrium, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Body, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Xiphoid Process, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Structure, Sternum - Ossification, Sternum - Articulations, Sternum - Fractures of the Sternum

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('manubrium sterni') The manubrium is the broad, upper part of the sternum. With a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs. Sternum - Surfaces. Its anterior surface, convex from side to side, concave from above downward, is smooth, and affords attachment on either side to the sternal origins of the Pectoralis major and Sternocleidomastoideus. Sometimes the ridges limiting the attachment ...

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Sternum, Sternum - Overview, Sternum - Manubrium, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Body, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Xiphoid Process, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Structure, Sternum - Ossification, Sternum - Articulations, Sternum - Fractures of the Sternum

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('corpus sterni; gladiolus') The body, considerably longer, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end. Sternum - Surfaces. Its anterior surface is nearly flat, directed upward and forward, and marked by three transverse ridges which cross the bone opposite the third, fourth, and fifth articular depressions. 18 It affords attachment on either side to the sternal origin of the Pectoralis major. At the junction of the third and fourth pieces of the body is occasionally seen an orifice, the sternal fo ...

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Sternum, Sternum - Overview, Sternum - Manubrium, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Body, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Xiphoid Process, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Structure, Sternum - Ossification, Sternum - Articulations, Sternum - Fractures of the Sternum

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('processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix') The xiphoid process is the smallest of the three pieces: it is thin and elongated, cartilaginous in structure in youth, but more or less ossified at its upper part in the adult. The xiphoid process is an important landmark. Its articulation with the sternum at the xiphisternal joint gives an approximation of the inferior border of the thoracic cavity's projection onto the anterior body wall. The xiphoid process is at the approximate level of the upper border of the liver and the inferior border of the heart in the midline of the body. < ...

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Sternum, Sternum - Overview, Sternum - Manubrium, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Body, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Xiphoid Process, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Structure, Sternum - Ossification, Sternum - Articulations, Sternum - Fractures of the Sternum

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The sternum originally consists of two cartilaginous bars, situated one on either side of the median plane and connected with the cartilages of the upper nine ribs of its own side. These two bars fuse with each other along the middle line to form the cartilaginous sternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process [Fig. 4]. The ossific centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order: in t ...

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Sternum, Sternum - Overview, Sternum - Manubrium, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Body, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Borders, Sternum - Xiphoid Process, Sternum - Surfaces, Sternum - Structure, Sternum - Ossification, Sternum - Articulations, Sternum - Fractures of the Sternum

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Rib - Typical ribs. The third through ninth ribs are "typical ribs" since they share the same structure. They each have a head that has two facets separated by a crest. One head articulates with the rib's corresponding vertebra and one head articulates with the vertebra superior (above) to it. They have a neck that connects the head with the shaft. The neck meets the shaft at a tubercle. The shaft is thin, flat, and curved. The curve is most prominent at the costal angle. The concave (inside) surface has a groove to protect the intercostal nerve and vessels. See also:

Rib, Rib - Types of Ribs, Rib - Rib Anatomy, Rib - Typical ribs, Rib - Atypical ribs, Rib - Rib Fractures and Associated Injuries, Rib - Bifid rib bifurcated rib, Rib - Biblical Legend, Rib - Notes

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The first rib is rarely fractured because of its protected position behind the clavicle (collarbone). However, if it is broken serious damage can occur to the brachial plexus of nerves and the subclavian vessels. The middle ribs are the ones most commonly fractured. Fractures usually occur from direct blows or from indirect crushing injuries. The weakest part of a rib is just anterior to its angle, but a fracture can occur anywhere. A lower rib fracture has the complication of potentially injuring ...

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Rib, Rib - Types of Ribs, Rib - Rib Anatomy, Rib - Typical ribs, Rib - Atypical ribs, Rib - Rib Fractures and Associated Injuries, Rib - Bifid rib bifurcated rib, Rib - Biblical Legend, Rib - Notes

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There is a legend that men have one rib fewer than women, and originates from the Bible's description of the creation of Eve (from the rib of Adam). It’s from the Book of Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). ...

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Rib, Rib - Types of Ribs, Rib - Rib Anatomy, Rib - Typical ribs, Rib - Atypical ribs, Rib - Rib Fractures and Associated Injuries, Rib - Bifid rib bifurcated rib, Rib - Biblical Legend, Rib - Notes

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Parietal bone - External. The external surface [Fig. 1] is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence (tuber parietale), which indicates the point where ossification commenced. Crossing the middle of the bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior temporal lines; the former gives attachment to the temporal fascia, and the latter indicates the upper limit ...

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Parietal bone, Parietal bone - Surfaces, Parietal bone - External, Parietal bone - Internal, Parietal bone - Borders, Parietal bone - Angles, Parietal bone - Ossification

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