Antarctic Treaty System - The Main Antarctic Treaty. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961. The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58 and willing to accept a US invitation to the conference at which the treaty was negotiated. These countries were Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom and the United States of America (which opened the Amu ...

See also:

Antarctic Treaty System, Antarctic Treaty System - The Antarctic Treaty System, Antarctic Treaty System - The Main Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic Treaty System - Other agreements, Antarctic Treaty System - Meetings, Antarctic Treaty System - Members, Antarctic Treaty System - Legal system

Read more here: » Antarctic Treaty System: Encyclopedia II - Antarctic Treaty System - The Antarctic Treaty System

This is a list of all universities in the Czech Republic as of April 2005. It includes also small and not very important ones. List of universities in the Czech Republic - Public. Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (Akademie múzických umění v Praze, AMU) Academy of Arts in Prague (Akademie výtvarných umění v Praze, AVU) Czech University of Agriculture Prague (Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, ČZU) Czech Technical University in Prague (České vysoké uče ...

See also:

List of universities in the Czech Republic, List of universities in the Czech Republic - Partial list, List of universities in the Czech Republic - Old universities, List of universities in the Czech Republic - New universities, List of universities in the Czech Republic - Historical universities, List of universities in the Czech Republic - Comprehensive list, List of universities in the Czech Republic - Public, List of universities in the Czech Republic - State, List of universities in the Czech Republic - Private

Read more here: » List of universities in the Czech Republic: Encyclopedia II - List of universities in the Czech Republic - Comprehensive list

There are 24.6 kilometers of broad gauge railways. Transportation in Afghanistan - Railway links from adjacent countries. Iran - no nearest railhead at Mashhad - 1.435m gauge Pakistan - no railhead on border at Chaman - 1.676m gauge railhead on border at Khyber Pass - 1.676m gauge Turkmenistan - 9.6 km 1.524-m gauge from Gushgy (Turkmenistan) to Towraghondi; Uzbekistan - 15 km 1.524-m gauge from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya (2001) China - no < ...

See also:

Transportation in Afghanistan, Transportation in Afghanistan - Railways, Transportation in Afghanistan - Railway links from adjacent countries, Transportation in Afghanistan - Highways, Transportation in Afghanistan - Waterways, Transportation in Afghanistan - Pipelines, Transportation in Afghanistan - Ports and harbors, Transportation in Afghanistan - Airports, Transportation in Afghanistan - Heliports

Read more here: » Transportation in Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Transportation in Afghanistan - Railways

Main article: Durrani Empire In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of what is known today as Afghanistan, established his rule. A Pashtun, Durrani was elected king in the first Loya Jirga after the assassination of the Persian ruler Nadir Shah at Khabushan in the same year. Throughout his reign, Durrani consolidated chieftainships, petty principalities, and fragmented provinces into one country. His rule extended from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya (Oxus) River in the north to the ...

See also:

History of Afghanistan, History of Afghanistan - History of Afghanistan, History of Afghanistan - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan before 651, History of Afghanistan - Islamic conquest of Afghanistan 642-1747, History of Afghanistan - The Durrani Empire 1747-1826, History of Afghanistan - European influence in Afghanistan 1826-1919, History of Afghanistan - Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war 1919-1929, History of Afghanistan - Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah 1929-1973, History of Afghanistan - Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan 1973-1978, History of Afghanistan - Soviet intervention in Afghanistan 1978-1992, History of Afghanistan - History of Afghanistan 1992 to present

Read more here: » History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - History of Afghanistan - The Durrani Empire 1747-1826

In Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking) areas it remains customary to use a name composed of the first name, followed by the father's name in the genitive case, followed by the name of the paternal grandfather, also in the genitive. Thus Seán Ó Cathasaigh, son of Pól, son of Séamus, would be known to his neighbours as Seán Phóil Shéamuis. Occasionally, if the mother or grandmother was a well-known person locally, her name may be used instead of that of the father or grandfather. If the mother's name is used, then that of the mat ...

See also:

Irish name, Irish name - Epithets, Irish name - Surnames and prefixes, Irish name - Traditional Gaeltacht names, Irish name - First or given names, Irish name - Partial list of anglicized surnames, Irish name - Partial list of Gaelic surnames, Irish name - Common equivalent forms of Christian names in Irish and English

Read more here: » Irish name: Encyclopedia II - Irish name - Traditional Gaeltacht names

NOTE: These episodes do not use the American episode numbering, which excludes the original Episode 15. Gundam Rising Destroy Gundam! Vote to Attack Escape from Luna II Re-entry to Earth Garma Strikes The Core Fighter's Escape Winds of War Fly, Gundam! Garma's Fate Icelina - Love's Remains The Threat of Zeon Coming Home Time, Be Still Cucuruz Doan's Island Sayla's Agony Amu ...

See also:

Universal Century Episode Listing, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO CGI features, Universal Century Episode Listing - The Hidden One Year War, Universal Century Episode Listing - Apocalypse 0079, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam First TV Series, Universal Century Episode Listing - Compilation movies, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team OVA, Universal Century Episode Listing - Compilation movie, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket OVA, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory OVA, Universal Century Episode Listing - Compilation movie, Universal Century Episode Listing - Radio drama, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam TV series, Universal Century Episode Listing - Compilation movies, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ TV series, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack movie, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam F91 movie, Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Victory Gundam TV series

Read more here: » Universal Century Episode Listing: Encyclopedia II - Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam First TV Series

Californium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cf and atomic number 98. A radioactive transuranic element, californium has very few uses and was discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium - Notable characteristics. Weighable amounts of californium make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 (2.6 year half-life) is a very strong neutron emitter and is thus extremely radioactive and ...

Including:

• Californium - Notable characteristics
• Californium - History
• Californium - Isotopes

Read more here: » Californium: Encyclopedia - Californium

An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. It is the smallest unit of an element to retain all the chemical properties of that element. The word atom originally meant a smallest possible particle of matter, not further divisible. Later, the objects that had been called atoms were found to be further divisible into smaller subatomic particles, but the word a ...

Including:

• Atom - Properties of the atom
• Atom - Subatomic particles
• Atom - Atomic forces
• Atom - Atom size and speed
• Atom - Elements isotopes and ions
• Atom - Valence and bonding
• Atom - Atomic spectrum
• Atom - Atoms and antimatter
• Atom - Atoms and the Big Bang
• Atom - History of atomic theory
• Atom - Study of atoms

Read more here: » Atom: Encyclopedia - Atom

Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +4 and +5 are rare. Chromium compounds of oxidation state 6 are powerful oxidants. Chromium(0) is unstable in oxygen, immediately producing a thin oxi ...

Including:

• Chromium - Notable characteristics
• Chromium - Applications
• Chromium - History
• Chromium - Biological role
• Chromium - Occurrence
• Chromium - Compounds
• Chromium - Isotopes
• Chromium - Chromium and the quintuple bond
• Chromium - Precautions

Read more here: » Chromium: Encyclopedia - Chromium

Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt - Notable characteristics. Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer a ...

Including:

• Cobalt - Notable characteristics
• Cobalt - Applications
• Cobalt - Use in medicine
• Cobalt - History
• Cobalt - Biological role
• Cobalt - Occurrence
• Cobalt - Compounds
• Cobalt - Isotopes
• Cobalt - Precautions

Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia - Cobalt

Xylitol, also called wood sugar or birch sugar, is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that is used as a sugar substitute. It can be extracted from birch, raspberries, plums, and corn, which is primarily imported from China and is the most popular source due to its potential renewability, unlike birch trees. Xylitol, gram for gram, is roughly as sweet as sucrose, but contains 40% less food energy. Its formula is C5H12Including:

• Xylitol - Medical applications
• Xylitol - Dental care
• Xylitol - Diabetes
• Xylitol - Osteoporosis
• Xylitol - Ear infection
• Xylitol - Health concerns

Read more here: » Xylitol: Encyclopedia - Xylitol

Alpha particles or alpha rays (named after the first letter in the greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation which have low penetration. They consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus; hence, it can be written as He2+. Alpha particles are emitted by radioactive nuclei such as uranium or radium in a process known as alpha decay. This sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state, with the emission of a gamma ray removing the excess energy. In contrast to beta decay, ...

Read more here: » Alpha particle: Encyclopedia - Alpha particle

Avogadro's number, also called Avogadro's Constant (NA) is a large constant used in chemistry and physics. Avogadro's number is formally defined as the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams (0.012 kg) of carbon-12, which is approximately 6.023 × 1023. Historically, carbon-12 was chosen as the reference substance because its atomic mass could be measured particularly accurately. A mole is defined as Avogadro's number of particles of any kind of substance (atoms, ions, molecul ...

Including:

• Avogadro's number - History
• Avogadro's number - Application
• Avogadro's number - Physical significance of Avogadro's number
• Avogadro's number - Additional physical relations
• Avogadro's number - Numerical value
• Avogadro's number - Connection to masses of protons and neutrons
• Avogadro's number - Avogadro's number in life

Read more here: » Avogadro's number: Encyclopedia - Avogadro's number

Americium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Am and atomic number 95. A radioactive metallic element, americium is an actinide that was obtained by bombarding plutonium with neutrons and was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, by analogy with europium. Americium - Notable characteristics. Freshly prepared americium metal has a white and silvery luster, at room temperatures it slowly tarnishes in dry air. It is more silvery than pluton ...

Including:

• Americium - Notable characteristics
• Americium - Applications
• Americium - History
• Americium - Isotopes
• Americium - Chemistry

Read more here: » Americium: Encyclopedia - Americium

Berkelium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. A radioactive metallic element in the actinide series, berkelium was first synthesized by bombarding americium with alpha particles (helium ions) and was named after Berkeley, California. Berkelium was the fifth transuranic element to be synthesized. Berkelium - Notable characteristics. Weighable amounts of berkelium-249 (half-life 314 days) make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscop ...

Including:

• Berkelium - Notable characteristics
• Berkelium - History
• Berkelium - Isotopes

Read more here: » Berkelium: Encyclopedia - Berkelium

Einsteinium was first identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley and another team headed by G.R. Choppin at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Both were examining debris from the first hydrogen bomb test of November, 1952 (see Operation Ivy). They discovered the isotope einsteinium-253 (half-life 20.5 days) that was made by the nuclear fusion of 15 neutrons with uranium-238 (which then went through seven beta decays). These findings were kept secret until ...

See also:

Einsteinium, Einsteinium - History, Einsteinium - Isotopes

Read more here: » Einsteinium: Encyclopedia II - Einsteinium - History

Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance. On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iro ...

See also:

Nickel, Nickel - Notable characteristics, Nickel - Applications, Nickel - History, Nickel - Biological role, Nickel - Occurrence, Nickel - Extraction and Purification, Nickel - Compounds, Nickel - Isotopes, Nickel - Precautions, Nickel - Notes

Read more here: » Nickel: Encyclopedia II - Nickel - Notable characteristics

Most nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptide biopolymers. The numerical suffix specifies the numbers of carbons donated by the monomers; the diamine first and the diacid second. The most common variant is nylon 6,6, also called nylon 66, which refers to the fact that the diamine (hexamethylene diamine) and the diacid (adipic acid) each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. As with othe ...

See also:

Nylon, Nylon - Chemistry, Nylon - Bulk properties, Nylon - Historical uses, Nylon - Etymology, Nylon - Uses

Read more here: » Nylon: Encyclopedia II - Nylon - Chemistry

Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. It reacts very rapidly with nonoxidising acids and at high temperatures will react with water to displace hydrogen. It lies between zinc and titanium in the electrochemical series. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. Mn2+ often competes with Mg2+ in biological systems, and manganes e compounds where manganese is ...

See also:

Manganese, Manganese - Notable characteristics, Manganese - Applications, Manganese - History, Manganese - Biological role, Manganese - Occurrence, Manganese - Compounds, Manganese - Isotopes, Manganese - Precautions, Manganese - External l inks

Read more here: » Manganese: Encyclopedia II - Manganese - Notable characteristics

Naturally occurring erbium is composed of 6 stable isotopes, Er-162, Er-164, Er-166, Er-167, Er-168, and Er-170 with Er-166 being the most abundant (33.6% natural abundance). 23 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Er-169 with a half life of 9.4 days, Er-172 with a half-life of 49.3 hours, Er-160 with a half-life of 28.58 hours, Er-165 with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and Er-171 with a half life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majorit ...

See also:

Erbium, Erbium - Notable characteristics, Erbium - Applications, Erbium - History, Erbium - Occurrence, Erbium - Isotopes, Erbium - Precautions

Read more here: » Erbium: Encyclopedia II - Erbium - Isotopes

Atom - Subatomic particles. see main article subatomic particles Up until 1961, the subatomic particles were thought to consist of only protons, neutrons and electrons. However, protons and neutrons themselves are now known to consist of varieties of a still smaller particle called the quark, and the electron is considered a type of lepton. Therefore in modern atomic theory, the two basic constituents of matter are the lepton and the quark of which the above three particles of the atom ...

See also:

Atom, Atom - Properties of the atom, Atom - Subatomic particles, Atom - Atomic forces, Atom - Atom size and speed, Atom - Elements isotopes and ions, Atom - Valence and bonding, Atom - Atomic spectrum, Atom - Atoms and antimatter, Atom - Atoms and the Big Bang, Atom - History of atomic theory, Atom - Study of atoms

Read more here: » Atom: Encyclopedia II - Atom - Properties of the atom

Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source partially because it can be produced - in known quantity, and very large amounts - by simply exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a given time. Cobalt - Use in medicine. Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. The 60Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiati ...

See also:

Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions

Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Applications