Encyclopedia - Amu Darya: Encyclopedia - Amu Darya
The Amu Darya (also Amudarya, Amudar'ya, in Persian آمودریا; Darya means "Sea" in Persian) is a river in Central Asia. It is navig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manned Maneuvering Unit: Encyclopedia Ii - Manned Maneuvering Unit - Overview
The unit featured redundancy to protect against failure of individual systems. It was designed to fit over the life-support system backpa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manned Maneuvering Unit: Encyclopedia Ii - Manned Maneuvering Unit - History
The MMU was used on three Shuttle missions in 1984. It was first tested on February 7 during mission STS-41-B by astronauts Bruce McCandl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1 E-26 Kg: Encyclopedia - 1 E-26 Kg
To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 6.02 amu and 60.2 amu (10-26 kg and 10-25 kg). See also masses ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1 E-27 Kg: Encyclopedia - 1 E-27 Kg
To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 0.602 amu and 6.02 amu (10-27 kg and 10-26 kg). See also masses...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hindu Kush: Encyclopedia - Hindu Kush
The Hindu Kush, Hindū Kūsh, Hindoo Koosh or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in Balawa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zeravshan: Encyclopedia - Zeravshan
The Zeravshan or Zarafshan river, whilst smaller and less well-known than the two great rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya (or Oxus) a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bactria: Encyclopedia - Bactria
Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Caucasus Indicus) and the Amu Darya (O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urgench: Encyclopedia - Urgench
Urgench (Uzbek: Urganch / Урганч) is city (1999 pop. 139,100) in southern Uzbekistan. It is the capital of the Khorezm Province, on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkh: Encyclopedia - Balkh
Today Balkh is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Shari...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex: Encyclopedia - Bactria-margiana Archaeological Complex
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) the modern archaeological designation for a Br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aral Sea: Encyclopedia - Aral Sea
The Aral Sea (Kazakh: Арал Теңізі) is an endorheic inland sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Kara...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dana International: Encyclopedia - Dana International
Dana International (Hebrew: דנה אינטרנשיונל); (stage name of Sharon Cohen, born Yaron Cohen in Tel Aviv, Israel on February...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karakalpakstan: Encyclopedia Ii - Karakalpakstan - Economy
The economy of the region, formerly heavily dependent on fisheries, is now supported by cotton, rice and melons. Hydroelectric power from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tajikistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Tajikistan - Geography
Main article: Geography of Tajikistan Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It is covered by moun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aral Sea: Encyclopedia Ii - Aral Sea - Ecological Problems
The major ecological problem is that diversion of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for irrigation has shrunk the Aral Sea dramatically;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Tajikistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Tajikistan - Rivers
The principal rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through Tajikistan, fed by melting snow and glaciers fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hindu Kush: Encyclopedia Ii - Hindu Kush - Nomenclature
The name Hindu Kush is usually applied to the whole of the range separating the basins of the Kabul and Helmand Rivers from that of the A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turkmenbashi Turkmenistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Turkmenbashi Turkmenistan - History
In 1717, Russian Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky landed and established a secret fortified settlement on this location, where the dr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tosafot: Encyclopedia Ii - Tosafot - Schools Of Tosafists
Tosafot - Tosafot of Evreux. Moses of Evreux, one of the most prolific tosafists, furnished glosses to the whole Talmud; they form a di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transoxiana: Encyclopedia Ii - Transoxiana - History
The region was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under name Sogdiana. Transoxiana, however, is Latin, and literall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wakhan: Encyclopedia Ii - Wakhan - Geography
Wakhan is located in and around the extreme north-east of Afghanistan, which is connected to China by a long, narrow strip called the Wak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arsacid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Arsacid Dynasty - The Birth Of An Empire
In 247 BC two brothers, Arsaces (Arschag) and Tiridates, members of the nomad iranic tribe of the Parni, first mentioned in this century ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagatai Khanate: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagatai Khanate - Mongol Successor States
Genghis Khan's empire was inherited by his third son, Ögedei, the designated Great Khan who personally controlled the lands east of Lake...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - Isotopes
Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven isotopes. The most stable radioisotopes are Ru-106 with a half-life of 373.59 days, Ru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Otrar: Encyclopedia Ii - Otrar - Ancient History
Near the place where Arys River flows into the Syr Darya lie the ruins of a town, the memory of which has survived throughout the ages. D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Kazakhstan - Environmental Problems
The environment of Kazakstan has been badly damaged by human activity. Most of the water in Kazakstan is polluted by industrial effluents...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turkmenistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Turkmenistan - Geography
The country is approximately 488,100 square kilometers. 90% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. The center of country is dom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timur: Encyclopedia Ii - Timur - Last Campaigns And Death
In April 1399, some three months after quitting the capital of Mahmüd Toghluk, Timur was back in his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turkmenistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Turkmenistan - Geography
The country is approximately 488,100 square kilometers. 90% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. The center of country is dom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timur: Encyclopedia Ii - Timur - Last Campaigns And Death
In April 1399, some three months after quitting the capital of Mahmüd Toghluk, Timur was back in his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Railway Corridor: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Railway Corridor - The Expert Working Group Report
A Expert Working Group, headed by Pat McCann, CEO of Jurys Doyle Hotels, reported to the Minister for Transport regarding the prospects f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uss Plunger Ss-2: Encyclopedia Ii - Uss Plunger Ss-2 - President Roosevelt
The following morning, Plunger charged her batteries and made a series of five short dives before returning alongside Apache to recharge ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hakim Ajmal Khan: Encyclopedia Ii - Hakim Ajmal Khan - Jamia Millia Islamia
Dr. Khan had left the AMU owing to its historic resistance to the Indian National Congress. Along with many prominent Muslim nationalists...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish General Election 1982 November: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish General Election 1982 November - First Time Tds
A total of 18 TDs were elected for the first time Mary O'Rourke Monica Barnes Michael Bell Gerard Brady Fintan Coogan Richard Dowling Av...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan - Ghaznavid And Ghorid Rule
Out of the Samanid Dynasty came the first great Islamic empire of the region, the Ghaznavid Empire, whose warriors, forged an empire that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avogadro's Number: Encyclopedia Ii - Avogadro's Number - Connection To Masses Of Protons And Neutrons
A carbon-12 atom consists of 6 protons and 6 neutrons (which have approximately the same mass) and 6 electrons (whose mass is negligible ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan - Mughal-safavid Rivalry Ca. 1500-1747
Early in the sixteenth century, Babur, who was descended from Timur on his father's side and from Genghis Khan on his mother's, was drive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia Ii - Khwarezmia - Classical Times
When the King of Khwarezmia offered friendship to Alexander the Great in 328 BC, Alexander's Greek and Roman biographers imagined the nom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia Ii - Khwarezmia - Modern Age
The region of Khwarezmia became part of the Jagatai Khanate, and its capital of Old Urgench was rebuilt and again became one of the large...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Comfort Women: Encyclopedia Ii - Comfort Women - Military Brothels, Human Trafficking, And Sexual Slavery In Context
Military brothels are not unique to Japan, though the Japanese system during WWII was exceptionally large and well-organized. Comfort wo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antarctic Treaty System: Encyclopedia Ii - Antarctic Treaty System - The Antarctic Treaty System
Antarctic Treaty System - The Main Antarctic Treaty. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially enter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Universities In The Czech Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Universities In The Czech Republic - Comprehensive List
This is a list of all universities in the Czech Republic as of April 2005. It includes also small and not very important ones. List of u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transportation In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Afghanistan - Railways
There are 24.6 kilometers of broad gauge railways. Transportation in Afghanistan - Railway links from adjacent countries. Iran - no n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - The Durrani Empire 1747-1826
Main article: Durrani Empire In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of what is known today as Afghanistan, established his rule. A Pash...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Name - Traditional Gaeltacht Names
In Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking) areas it remains customary to use a name composed of the first name, followed by the father's name in the g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Universal Century Episode Listing: Encyclopedia Ii - Universal Century Episode Listing - Mobile Suit Gundam First Tv Series
NOTE: These episodes do not use the American episode numbering, which excludes the original Episode 15. Gundam Rising Destroy Gundam! V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Californium: Encyclopedia - Californium
Californium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cf and atomic number 98. A radioactive transuranic element, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia - Atom
An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. It is the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia - Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia - Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt - Notable characteristics. Cobalt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xylitol: Encyclopedia - Xylitol
Xylitol, also called wood sugar or birch sugar, is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that is used as a sugar substitute. It can be extracted fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alpha Particle: Encyclopedia - Alpha Particle
Alpha particles or alpha rays (named after the first letter in the greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avogadro's Number: Encyclopedia - Avogadro's Number
Avogadro's number, also called Avogadro's Constant (NA) is a large constant used in chemistry and physics. Avogadro's number is formally ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Americium: Encyclopedia - Americium
Americium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Am and atomic number 95. A radioactive metallic element, ameri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berkelium: Encyclopedia - Berkelium
Berkelium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. A radioactive metallic element in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Einsteinium: Encyclopedia Ii - Einsteinium - History
Einsteinium was first identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley and another team headed by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Notable Characteristics
Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nylon: Encyclopedia Ii - Nylon - Chemistry
Most nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that peptide bonds form a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Notable Characteristics
Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erbium: Encyclopedia Ii - Erbium - Isotopes
Naturally occurring erbium is composed of 6 stable isotopes, Er-162, Er-164, Er-166, Er-167, Er-168, and Er-170 with Er-166 being the mos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Properties Of The Atom
Atom - Subatomic particles. see main article subatomic particles Up until 1961, the subatomic particles were thought to consist of on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Applications
Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source partially because it can be produced - in known quantity, and very large amounts - by simply exposi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berkelium: Encyclopedia Ii - Berkelium - Notable Characteristics
Weighable amounts of berkelium-249 (half-life 314 days) make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscopic quantities...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avogadro's Number: Encyclopedia Ii - Avogadro's Number - Physical Significance Of Avogadro's Number
The value of Avogadro's number depends on the definition of the mole, which depends on the definition of the kilogram. Both definitions, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vanadium: Encyclopedia Ii - Vanadium - Notable Characteristics
Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Notable Characteristics
Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Californium: Encyclopedia Ii - Californium - Notable Characteristics
Weighable amounts of californium make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 (2.6 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xylitol: Encyclopedia Ii - Xylitol - Medical Applications
Xylitol - Dental care. Xylitol is a toothfriendly sugar substitute. In addition to discouraging tooth decay by replacing dietary sugars...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Isotopes
Naturally occurring cobalt is composed of 1 stable isotope, 59-Co (59Co). 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Notable Characteristics
Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Precautions
Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard. Cobalt compounds should be handled with care due to cobalt's slight toxicity. Cobalt-60 i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Occurrence
The bulk of the nickel mined comes from two types of ore deposits. The first are laterites where the principal ore minerals are nickelife...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Biological Role
Many but not all hydrogenases contain nickel in addition to iron-sulfur clusters. Nickel centres are a common element in those hydrogenas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Extraction And Purification
Nickel can be recovered using extractive metallurgy. Oxy-hydroxide ores are treated using hydrometallurgy, and from sulfide mineral conce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nylon: Encyclopedia Ii - Nylon - Historical Uses
During World War II, nylon replaced Asian silk in parachutes. It was also used to make tires, tents, ropes, ponchos, and other military s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - History
Nickel use is ancient, and can be traced back as far as 3500 BCE. Bronzes from what is now Syria had a nickel content of up to two percen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nylon: Encyclopedia Ii - Nylon - Bulk Properties
Above their melting temperatures, Tm, thermoplastics like nylon are amorphous solids or viscous fluids in which the chains approximate ra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Precautions
Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm³ in nickel equivalents per 40-hour work week. Nickel su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Isotopes
Naturally occurring nickel is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 58-Ni, 60-Ni, 61-Ni, 62-Ni and 64-Ni with 58-Ni being the most abundant (68....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avogadro's Number: Encyclopedia Ii - Avogadro's Number - Numerical Value
At present it is not technologically feasible to count the exact number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12, so the precise value of Avogadro's...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Isotopes
Naturally occurring chromium is composed of 3 stable isotopes; 52-Cr, 53-Cr, and 54-Cr with 52-Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Chromium And The Quintuple Bond
Chromium is notable for its ability to form quintuple covalent bonds. Writing in Science, Tailuan Nguyen and coworkers of the University ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - History
Cobalt was known in ancient times through its compounds, which would color glass a rich blue. George Brandt (1694-1768) is credited with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Compounds
Potassium dichromate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is the preferred compound for cleaning laboratory glassware of any possible organi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Occurrence
Chromium is mined as chromite (FeCr2O4) ore. Chromium is obtained commercially by heating the ore in the presence of aluminium or silicon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avogadro's Number: Encyclopedia Ii - Avogadro's Number - Additional Physical Relations
Because of its role as a scaling factor, Avogadro's number provides the link between a number of useful physical constants when we move b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Californium: Encyclopedia Ii - Californium - History
Californium was first synthesized by University of California, Berkeley researchers Stanely Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - History
In 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann found an orange-red mineral in the Ural Mountains which he named Siberian red lead. Though misidentified ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Atoms And The Big Bang
In models of the Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts that within one to three minutes of the Big Bang all the current atomic mate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - History Of Atomic Theory
Democritus and Leucippus, Greek philosophers in the 5th century BC, presented the first theory of atoms (see article atomism for more det...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Compounds
Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties and finds...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Isotopes
Naturally occurring manganese is composed of 1 stable isotope; 55-Mn. 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Precautions
Manganese in excess is toxic. Exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Occurrence
Managanese is much too reactive to be found in nature in the uncombined state. However, compounds of manganese are so abundant that the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Biological Role
Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. It plays a very important role in photosynthesis in plants and algae. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Study Of Atoms
Because of their ubiquitous nature, atoms have been an important field of study for many centuries. Current specific research areas inclu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Applications
Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - History
Manganese (Latin magnes, meaning "magnet") was in use in prehistoric times; paints that were pigmented with manganese dioxide can be trac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Applications
About 65 percent of the nickel consumed in the Western World is used to make austenitic stainless steel. Another 12 percent goes into sup...   » Read the article