Californium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cf and atomic number 98. A radioactive transuranic element, californium has very few uses and was discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium - Notable characteristics. Weighable amounts of californium make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 (2.6 year half-life) is a very strong neutron emitter and is thus extremely radioactive and ...

Including:

• Californium - Notable characteristics
• Californium - History
• Californium - Isotopes

Read more here: » Californium: Encyclopedia - Californium

To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 0.602 amu and 6.02 amu (10-27 kg and 10-26 kg). See also masses of other orders of magnitude. lighter masses 1.6605402 × 10-27 kg = 1 atomic mass unit (u) 1.6726231 × 10-27 kg – mass of a proton heavier masses 1 E-27 kg - External link. Conversion Calculator for Units of MASS (& Weight) Category: Including:

• 1 E-27 kg - External link

Read more here: » 1 E-27 kg: Encyclopedia - 1 E-27 kg

To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 6.02 amu and 60.2 amu (10-26 kg and 10-25 kg). See also masses of other orders of magnitude. lighter masses 6.941 amu – atomic mass of lithium 44.955910 amu – atomic mass of scandium 47.867 amu – atomic mass of titanium 51.9961 amu – atomic mass of chromium 54.938049 amu – atomic mass of manganese 58.933200 amu – atom

Read more here: » 1 E-26 kg: Encyclopedia - 1 E-26 kg

Vanadium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol V and atomic number 23. A rare, soft and ductile element, vanadium is found combined in certain minerals and is used mainly to produce certain alloys. Vanadium - Notable characteristics. Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, ...

Including:

• Vanadium - Notable characteristics
• Vanadium - Applications
• Vanadium - History
• Vanadium - Biological role
• Vanadium - Occurrence
• Vanadium - Isolation
• Vanadium - Compounds
• Vanadium - Isotopes
• Vanadium - Precautions

Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia - Vanadium

Xylitol, also called wood sugar or birch sugar, is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that is used as a sugar substitute. It can be extracted from birch, raspberries, plums, and corn, which is primarily imported from China and is the most popular source due to its potential renewability, unlike birch trees. Xylitol, gram for gram, is roughly as sweet as sucrose, but contains 40% less food energy. Its formula is C5H12Including:

• Xylitol - Medical applications
• Xylitol - Dental care
• Xylitol - Diabetes
• Xylitol - Osteoporosis
• Xylitol - Ear infection
• Xylitol - Health concerns

Read more here: » Xylitol: Encyclopedia - Xylitol

Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt - Notable characteristics. Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer a ...

Including:

• Cobalt - Notable characteristics
• Cobalt - Applications
• Cobalt - Use in medicine
• Cobalt - History
• Cobalt - Biological role
• Cobalt - Occurrence
• Cobalt - Compounds
• Cobalt - Isotopes
• Cobalt - Precautions

Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia - Cobalt

Berkelium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. A radioactive metallic element in the actinide series, berkelium was first synthesized by bombarding americium with alpha particles (helium ions) and was named after Berkeley, California. Berkelium was the fifth transuranic element to be synthesized. Berkelium - Notable characteristics. Weighable amounts of berkelium-249 (half-life 314 days) make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscop ...

Including:

• Berkelium - Notable characteristics
• Berkelium - History
• Berkelium - Isotopes

Read more here: » Berkelium: Encyclopedia - Berkelium

Avogadro's number, also called Avogadro's Constant (NA) is a large constant used in chemistry and physics. Avogadro's number is formally defined as the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams (0.012 kg) of carbon-12, which is approximately 6.023 × 1023. Historically, carbon-12 was chosen as the reference substance because its atomic mass could be measured particularly accurately. A mole is defined as Avogadro's number of particles of any kind of substance (atoms, ions, molecul ...

Including:

• Avogadro's number - History
• Avogadro's number - Application
• Avogadro's number - Physical significance of Avogadro's number
• Avogadro's number - Additional physical relations
• Avogadro's number - Numerical value
• Avogadro's number - Connection to masses of protons and neutrons
• Avogadro's number - Avogadro's number in life

Read more here: » Avogadro's number: Encyclopedia - Avogadro's number

An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. It is the smallest unit of an element to retain all the chemical properties of that element. The word atom originally meant a smallest possible particle of matter, not further divisible. Later, the objects that had been called atoms were found to be further divisible into smaller subatomic particles, but the word a ...

Including:

• Atom - Properties of the atom
• Atom - Subatomic particles
• Atom - Atomic forces
• Atom - Atom size and speed
• Atom - Elements isotopes and ions
• Atom - Valence and bonding
• Atom - Atomic spectrum
• Atom - Atoms and antimatter
• Atom - Atoms and the Big Bang
• Atom - History of atomic theory
• Atom - Study of atoms

Read more here: » Atom: Encyclopedia - Atom

Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +4 and +5 are rare. Chromium compounds of oxidation state 6 are powerful oxidants. Chromium(0) is unstable in oxygen, immediately producing a thin oxi ...

Including:

• Chromium - Notable characteristics
• Chromium - Applications
• Chromium - History
• Chromium - Biological role
• Chromium - Occurrence
• Chromium - Compounds
• Chromium - Isotopes
• Chromium - Chromium and the quintuple bond
• Chromium - Precautions

Read more here: » Chromium: Encyclopedia - Chromium

Alpha particles or alpha rays (named after the first letter in the greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation which have low penetration. They consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus; hence, it can be written as He2+. Alpha particles are emitted by radioactive nuclei such as uranium or radium in a process known as alpha decay. This sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state, with the emission of a gamma ray removing the excess energy. In contrast to beta decay, ...

Read more here: » Alpha particle: Encyclopedia - Alpha particle

Americium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Am and atomic number 95. A radioactive metallic element, americium is an actinide that was obtained by bombarding plutonium with neutrons and was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, by analogy with europium. Americium - Notable characteristics. Freshly prepared americium metal has a white and silvery luster, at room temperatures it slowly tarnishes in dry air. It is more silvery than pluton ...

Including:

• Americium - Notable characteristics
• Americium - Applications
• Americium - History
• Americium - Isotopes
• Americium - Chemistry

Read more here: » Americium: Encyclopedia - Americium

Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance. On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iro ...

See also:

Nickel, Nickel - Notable characteristics, Nickel - Applications, Nickel - History, Nickel - Biological role, Nickel - Occurrence, Nickel - Extraction and Purification, Nickel - Compounds, Nickel - Isotopes, Nickel - Precautions, Nickel - Notes

Read more here: » Nickel: Encyclopedia II - Nickel - Notable characteristics

Most nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptide biopolymers. The numerical suffix specifies the numbers of carbons donated by the monomers; the diamine first and the diacid second. The most common variant is nylon 6,6, also called nylon 66, which refers to the fact that the diamine (hexamethylene diamine) and the diacid (adipic acid) each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. As with othe ...

See also:

Nylon, Nylon - Chemistry, Nylon - Bulk properties, Nylon - Historical uses, Nylon - Etymology, Nylon - Uses

Read more here: » Nylon: Encyclopedia II - Nylon - Chemistry

Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Although definitely a metal, it shares with Chromium and Manganese the property of having valency oxides with acid properties. Common oxidation states of vanadium include +2, +3, +4 and +5. A popular experiment with ammonium vanadate (NH4VOSee also:

Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions

Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Notable characteristics

The value of Avogadro's number depends on the definition of the mole, which depends on the definition of the kilogram. Both definitions, especially that of the kilogram, are arbitrary: the kilogram system is currently based on the mass of a particular "standard" cylinder of metal in France. This means that the particular value of Avogadro's number is the result of convention; there is no physical reason for it. Hence, Avogadro's number is not a fundamental constant. Avogadro's number can be regarded as a conversion factor between the ...

See also:

Avogadro's number, Avogadro's number - History, Avogadro's number - Application, Avogadro's number - Physical significance of Avogadro's number, Avogadro's number - Additional physical relations, Avogadro's number - Numerical value, Avogadro's number - Connection to masses of protons and neutrons, Avogadro's number - Avogadro's number in life

Read more here: » Avogadro's number: Encyclopedia II - Avogadro's number - Physical significance of Avogadro's number

Magnesium chloride is used for a variety of applications, besides the manufacture of magnesium via the Dow process discussed above. It is used in the manufacture of textiles, paper, fireproofing agents, cements and refrigeration brine.[3] Magnesium chloride - Culinary use. Magnesium chloride is an important coagulant used in the preparation of tofu from soy milk. In Japan it is sold as nigari (the term is derived from the Japanese word for "bitter"), a white powder produced from se ...

See also:

Magnesium chloride, Magnesium chloride - Chemical properties, Magnesium chloride - Preparation, Magnesium chloride - Uses, Magnesium chloride - Culinary use, Magnesium chloride - Use as an anti-icer, Magnesium chloride - Precautions, Magnesium chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » Magnesium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Magnesium chloride - Uses

Naturally occurring manganese is composed of 1 stable isotope; 55-Mn. 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 53-Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54-Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52-Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 minute ...

See also:

Manganese, Manganese - Notable characteristics, Manganese - Applications, Manganese - History, Manganese - Biological role, Manganese - Occurrence, Manganese - Compounds, Manganese - Isotopes, Manganese - Precautions

Read more here: » Manganese: Encyclopedia II - Manganese - Isotopes

Approximately 20 kg (as Sc2O3) of scandium are used annually in the United States to make high-intensity lights. Scandium iodide added to mercury-vapor lamps produces a highly efficient artificial light source that resembles sunlight and allows good color reproduction with TV cameras. About 80 kg of scandium are used in lightbulbs globally per year. The radioactive isotope Sc-46 is used in oil refinery crackers as a tracing agent. The main application by volume is in aluminium-scandium alloys for the aerospace industry ...

See also:

Scandium, Scandium - Notable characteristics, Scandium - Applications, Scandium - History, Scandium - Occurrence, Scandium - Isotopes, Scandium - Precautions

Read more here: » Scandium: Encyclopedia II - Scandium - Applications

Atom - Subatomic particles. see main article subatomic particles Up until 1961, the subatomic particles were thought to consist of only protons, neutrons and electrons. However, protons and neutrons themselves are now known to consist of varieties of a still smaller particle called the quark, and the electron is considered a type of lepton. Therefore in modern atomic theory, the two basic constituents of matter are the lepton and the quark of which the above three particles of the atom ...

See also:

Atom, Atom - Properties of the atom, Atom - Subatomic particles, Atom - Atomic forces, Atom - Atom size and speed, Atom - Elements isotopes and ions, Atom - Valence and bonding, Atom - Atomic spectrum, Atom - Atoms and antimatter, Atom - Atoms and the Big Bang, Atom - History of atomic theory, Atom - Philosophical atomism, Atom - Birth of modern atomic theory, Atom - Discovery of subatomic particles, Atom - Study of atomic structure, Atom - Study of atoms

Read more here: » Atom: Encyclopedia II - Atom - Properties of the atom