The majority of food crops prefer a neutral or slightly acidic soil. Some plants however prefer more acidic (e.g., potatoes, strawberries) or alkaline (brassicas) conditions. During the acidification process the decrease in pH result in a release of positively charged ions (cations) from the cation exchange surfaces (organic matter & clay minerals). In the short term acidification thus increases the concentration of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca)) in soil solution. Once the cation exchange surface has become deple ...

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Soil pH, Soil pH - Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH, Soil pH - Soils and acidity, Soil pH - Soil life and pH, Soil pH - pH and plant diseases, Soil pH - Determining pH, Soil pH - Altering soil pH

Read more here: » Soil pH: Encyclopedia II - Soil pH - Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH

Sioux City Iowa - City neighborhoods. Leeds is a mostly residential neighborhood northeast of downtown Sioux City, centered near 41st Street at Floyd Boulevard. Kelly Park is a blue-collar residential area which includes three trailer parks east of Highway 75. Once a thriving area, it has been hit hard with the closing of its neighborhood grocer and elementary school. Morningside is the blanket term for the hilly southeast quadrant of Sioux City. Roughly demarcated by ...

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Sioux City Iowa, Sioux City Iowa - History, Sioux City Iowa - Geography, Sioux City Iowa - Metropolitan area, Sioux City Iowa - Demographics, Sioux City Iowa - Neighborhoods and suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - City neighborhoods, Sioux City Iowa - Suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - Transportation, Sioux City Iowa - Highways, Sioux City Iowa - Public transit, Sioux City Iowa - Aviation, Sioux City Iowa - Media, Sioux City Iowa - Television stations, Sioux City Iowa - Radio stations, Sioux City Iowa - Print, Sioux City Iowa - Structures, Sioux City Iowa - Parks and recreation, Sioux City Iowa - Famous Sioux City-area residents

Read more here: » Sioux City Iowa: Encyclopedia II - Sioux City Iowa - Neighborhoods and suburbs

Some military testing grounds are contaminated with TNT. Wastewater from munitions programs including contamination of surface and subsurface waters may be colored pink as the result of TNT and RDX contamination. Such contamination, called pinkwater, may be difficult and expensive to remediate. TNT is quite toxic. It can also be absorbed through the skin, and will cause irritation and bright yellow staining. During the First World War, munition workers who handled the chemical found that their skin turned bright yellow, which led to t ...

See also:

Trinitrotoluene, Trinitrotoluene - Toxicity, Trinitrotoluene - History, Trinitrotoluene - Preparation

Read more here: » Trinitrotoluene: Encyclopedia II - Trinitrotoluene - Toxicity

The development of new and improved types of ammunition requires a continuous program of research and development. Adoption of an explosive for a particular use is based upon both proving ground and service tests. Before these tests, however, preliminary estimates of the characteristics of the explosive are made. The principles of thermochemistry are applied for this process. Thermochemistry is concerned with the changes in internal energy, principally as heat, in chemical reactions. An explosion consists of a series of reactions, hig ...

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Explosive material, Explosive material - Chemical explosives, Explosive material - Explosive compatibility groupings, Explosive material - Low Explosives, Explosive material - High Explosives, Explosive material - Composition of the material, Explosive material - Chemical explosive reaction, Explosive material - Formation of gases, Explosive material - Evolution of heat, Explosive material - Rapidity of reaction, Explosive material - Initiation of reaction, Explosive material - Sensitiser, Explosive material - Military explosives, Explosive material - Availability and cost, Explosive material - Sensitivity, Explosive material - Stability, Explosive material - Power, Explosive material - Brisance, Explosive material - Density, Explosive material - Volatility, Explosive material - Hygroscopicity, Explosive material - Toxicity, Explosive material - Measurement of chemical explosive reaction, Explosive material - Oxygen balance OB%, Explosive material - Heat of explosion, Explosive material - Balancing chemical explosion equations, Explosive material - Volume of products of explosion, Explosive material - Explosive strength, Explosive material - Example of thermochemical calculations

Read more here: » Explosive material: Encyclopedia II - Explosive material - Measurement of chemical explosive reaction

The blast wave destroys unreinforced buildings and equipment. Unprotected personnel are injured or killed as well. The antipersonnel effect of the blast wave is more severe in foxholes, on personnel with body armor, and in "stiff" enclosed spaces such as caves, buildings, and bunkers. The overpressure within the detonation can reach 3 MPa (430 lbf/in²) and the temperature can be 2500 to 3000 °C. Outside the cloud the blast wave travels at over 3 km/s. Following the initial blast is a phase in which the pressure drops below atmo ...

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Thermobaric weapon, Thermobaric weapon - Note on terminology, Thermobaric weapon - Weapon effects, Thermobaric weapon - History, Thermobaric weapon - Thermobaric weapons in fiction

Read more here: » Thermobaric weapon: Encyclopedia II - Thermobaric weapon - Weapon effects

Toulouse and Aquitaine (as well as Gascony) were once again part of the kingdom of the Franks. Following his victory, Pippin the Short died in 768 and was followed by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. As a result of this event, Hunald, son of the late Duke Waifer, raised an insurrection against Frankish power in Aquitaine. Charlemagne soon intervened and defeated him. In 771 Carloman died and Charlemagne was left as the only ruler of the Frankish realm. In 778 Charlemagne led his army into Spain against the Arabs. On his way back there happ ...

See also:

History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day

Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine

Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) responders most commonly train to hazmat as it is referred to by one of two agencies; the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), or the US Department of Transportation (DOT). The DOT breaks hazardous materials into nine classes and various divisions. Hazardous materials in transportation must be placarded. Some materials must always be placarded, others may only require placarding in certain circumstances (example, amount). Some examples of the various classes and divisions are given. If any material falls ...

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Hazardous material, Hazardous material - US Department of Transportation Classes, Hazardous material - Fixed Facilities, Hazardous material - References, Hazardous material - Canada

Read more here: » Hazardous material: Encyclopedia II - Hazardous material - US Department of Transportation Classes

Crop rotation is widely practiced in vegetable production, where it is possible to grow a cool-season crop (such as lettuce) in the spring, follow with a warm-season crop (such as tomatoes) in the summer, and then grow a winter crop (such as mache) harvested in early spring. Crop rotation is less common with field crops because the timing is difficult to manage, particularly since most crop-growing regions experience a good deal of rainfall during the late spring ...

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Crop rotation, Crop rotation - Method and Purpose, Crop rotation - History

Read more here: » Crop rotation: Encyclopedia II - Crop rotation - Method and Purpose

Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell; it is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied and the liquid boils at -33.7 °C, and solidifies at -75 °C to a mass of white crystals. Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionizing powers (ε = 22), and solutions of salts in liquid ammonia have been much studied. Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization (23.35 kJ/mol, c.f. water 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in non-insulated vessels at room temperature, even thou ...

See also:

Ammonia, Ammonia - History, Ammonia - Production, Ammonia - Properties, Ammonia - Formation of salts, Ammonia - Acidity, Ammonia - Formation of other compounds, Ammonia - Ammonia as a ligand, Ammonia - Uses, Ammonia - Liquid ammonia as a solvent, Ammonia - Solubility of salts, Ammonia - Solutions of metals, Ammonia - Redox properties of liquid ammonia, Ammonia - Detection and determination, Ammonia - Safety precautions, Ammonia - Toxicity, Ammonia - Household use, Ammonia - Laboratory use of ammonia solutions, Ammonia - Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid, Ammonia - Reference, Ammonia - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ammonia: Encyclopedia II - Ammonia - Properties

Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds. Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere is relatively non-reactive, but in nature it is slowly converted into biologically (and industrially) useful compounds by some living organisms, notably certain bacteria (see Biological role below). The ability to combine or fix nitrogen is a key feature of modern industrial chemistry, where nitrogen (along with natural gas) is converted into ammonia (via the Haber process). Ammonia, in turn, can be used directly (primarily as a fer ...

See also:

Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - History, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

Read more here: » Nitrogen: Encyclopedia II - Nitrogen - Applications

Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds. Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere is relatively non-reactive, but in nature it is slowly converted into biologically (and industrially) useful compounds by some living organisms, notably certain bacteria (see Biological role below). The ability to combine or fix nitrogen is a key feature of modern industrial chemistry, where nitrogen and natural gas are converted into ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia, in turn, can be used directly (primarily as a fertilizer), or as a precursor of many other important materials including explosives, largely via the producti ...

See also:

Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - The History of Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

Read more here: » Nitrogen: Encyclopedia II - Nitrogen - Applications

2002 Bali bombing - Initial charges and trials. In April 2003 Indonesian authorities charged Abu Bakar Bashir (also rendered "Ba'asyir") with treason. It was alleged that he tried to overthrow the government and set up an Islamic state. The specific charges against Bashir related to a series of church bombings during Christmas in 2000, and to a plot to bomb United States and other Western interests in Singapore. He was initially not charged over the Bali attack, although he was frequently accused of being the ins ...

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2002 Bali bombing, 2002 Bali bombing - The attack itself, 2002 Bali bombing - Suspects, 2002 Bali bombing - Legal proceedings, 2002 Bali bombing - Initial charges and trials, 2002 Bali bombing - Constitutional appeals

Read more here: » 2002 Bali bombing: Encyclopedia II - 2002 Bali bombing - Legal proceedings

By the end of the 9th century, Toulouse had become the capital of an independent county, the county of Toulouse, ruled by the dynasty founded by Frédelon, who in theory was under the sovereignty of the king of France, but in practice was totally independent. The counts of Toulouse had to fight to maintain their position at first. They were mostly challenged by the dynasty of the counts of Auvergne, ruling over the northeastern part of the former Aquitaine, who claimed the county of Toulouse as their own, and even temporarily ousted the coun ...

See also:

History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day

Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps

Nitric acid is a strong acid with a pKa of -2: in aqueous solution, it completely dissociates into the nitrate ion NO3− and a hydrated proton, known as a hydronium ion, H3O+. The salts of nitric acid (which contain the nitrate ion) are also known as nitrates. The overwhelming majority of them are very soluble in water. At room temperature nitric acid gives off red or yellow fumes. Nitric acid and its salts, the nitrates, should not be confused with ...

See also:

Nitric acid, Nitric acid - History, Nitric acid - Chemistry, Nitric acid - Synthesis and Production, Nitric acid - Uses

Read more here: » Nitric acid: Encyclopedia II - Nitric acid - Chemistry

The end of Carolinians marked the beginning of Feudality. At the beginning of the millennium, the drifting attitude of the clergy and the confiscation of the Church by the Toulouse administration initiated a degradation of the worship. The Saint-Sernin church, the Daurade basilica and the Saint-Etienne cathedral were not maintained properly. New religious currents appeared, like the Clunis reform. The Izarn bishop, helped by the pope Gregoire VII, tried to put everything back in order. He gave the Daurade Basilica to the clunis ...

See also:

History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day

Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th

Stone State Park is in the northwest corner of the city, overlooking the South Dakota/Iowa border. It has been a popular mountain bike destination since the late 1980's. Stone Park marks the northernmost extent of the Loess Hills, and is at the transition from clay bluffs and prairie to sedimentary rock hills and oak forest along the Iowa side of the Big Sioux River. Grandview Park is located north of the downtown area, up from Rose Hill, between The Northside and The Heights. The Municipal Bandshell is located in the park. In summer, Sunday evening municipal band concerts are a longstanding Sioux City tradition. T ...

See also:

Sioux City Iowa, Sioux City Iowa - History, Sioux City Iowa - Geography, Sioux City Iowa - Metropolitan area, Sioux City Iowa - Demographics, Sioux City Iowa - Neighborhoods and suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - City neighborhoods, Sioux City Iowa - Suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - Transportation, Sioux City Iowa - Highways, Sioux City Iowa - Public transit, Sioux City Iowa - Aviation, Sioux City Iowa - Media, Sioux City Iowa - Television stations, Sioux City Iowa - Radio stations, Sioux City Iowa - Print, Sioux City Iowa - Structures, Sioux City Iowa - Parks and recreation, Sioux City Iowa - Famous Sioux City-area residents

Read more here: » Sioux City Iowa: Encyclopedia II - Sioux City Iowa - Parks and recreation

Sioux City Iowa - Highways. Interstate 29 runs north-south, connecting Sioux City to Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Council Bluffs, Iowa. U.S. Highway 20 runs east-west, connecting Sioux City to O'Neill, Nebraska and Fort Dodge, Iowa. U.S. Highway 75 runs north-south, connecting Sioux City to Le Mars, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska. U.S. Highway 77 begins (or ends, depending on your perspective) in Sioux City, running south to Lincoln, Nebraska. Iowa Highway 12 runs north from the Riverside area of Sioux City. Iowa Highway 982 runs southea ...

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Sioux City Iowa, Sioux City Iowa - History, Sioux City Iowa - Geography, Sioux City Iowa - Metropolitan area, Sioux City Iowa - Demographics, Sioux City Iowa - Neighborhoods and suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - City neighborhoods, Sioux City Iowa - Suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - Transportation, Sioux City Iowa - Highways, Sioux City Iowa - Public transit, Sioux City Iowa - Aviation, Sioux City Iowa - Media, Sioux City Iowa - Television stations, Sioux City Iowa - Radio stations, Sioux City Iowa - Print, Sioux City Iowa - Structures, Sioux City Iowa - Parks and recreation, Sioux City Iowa - Famous Sioux City-area residents

Read more here: » Sioux City Iowa: Encyclopedia II - Sioux City Iowa - Transportation

Sioux City Iowa - Television stations. KTIV, Channel 4, NBC affiliate; ratings leader in the market KCAU, Channel 9, ABC affiliate (formerly KVTV) KMEG, Channel 14, CBS affiliate; infamous for refusing to air David Letterman's show when he moved to CBS; carried no news programming from the mid 1970s to late 1990s. KSIN, Channel 27, PBS member station KPTH, Channel 44, Fox affiliate; signed on in the late 1990s; Fox programming had aired on KMEG prior to KPTH's arrival

See also:

Sioux City Iowa, Sioux City Iowa - History, Sioux City Iowa - Geography, Sioux City Iowa - Metropolitan area, Sioux City Iowa - Demographics, Sioux City Iowa - Neighborhoods and suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - City neighborhoods, Sioux City Iowa - Suburbs, Sioux City Iowa - Transportation, Sioux City Iowa - Highways, Sioux City Iowa - Public transit, Sioux City Iowa - Aviation, Sioux City Iowa - Media, Sioux City Iowa - Television stations, Sioux City Iowa - Radio stations, Sioux City Iowa - Print, Sioux City Iowa - Structures, Sioux City Iowa - Parks and recreation, Sioux City Iowa - Famous Sioux City-area residents

Read more here: » Sioux City Iowa: Encyclopedia II - Sioux City Iowa - Media

Following the Frankish conquest, Toulouse entered a period of decline and anarchy. Bad weather, plagues, demographic collapse, decline of schools, education and culture were common features of the Frankish lands in the dark period of the 6th and 7th centuries. Following Clovis' death in 511, Aquitaine was divided between his sons (the Merovingian dynasty) like the rest of the kingdom. The period was extremely complex, with each Merovingian king fighting and murdering each other for the control of the whole of the Frankish realm, which was re ...

See also:

History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day

Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine

The end of the 11th century marked the departure of the Raymond IV count to the crusades. Various succession wars followed, besieging Toulouse several times. In 1119, the Toulouse population proclaimed Alphonse Jourdain count. Alphonse Jourdain, willing to be grateful to his people, reduced the taxes immediately. With the death of the count, an administration of 8 "capitulaires" was created. Under the direction of the count, they had the responsibility of regulating the exchanges and making sure the laws were applied. ...

See also:

History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day

Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th

The history of Toulouse can be traced as far back as the 8th century BC, according to the oldest archeological evidence of human settlement. The location was very advantageous: an easy crossing of the Garonne River, just as the northward river reaches strong hills and thus bends westward toward the Atlantic Ocean. It was a focal point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Immediately north of these hills was a large plain suitable for agriculture. People gathered on the hills overlooking the river, south of the ...

See also:

History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day

Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times

Synthesized materials are also called artificial fertilizers, and may be described as straight, where the product predominantly contains the three primary ingredients of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium/potash (K), often described as NPK fertilizers. They are named or labelled according to the content of these three elements, thus a 5-10-5 fertilizer would have 10 percent phosphate in its ingredients. If nitrogen is the main element, they are often described as nitrogen fertilizers. Alternatively ...

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Fertilizer, Fertilizer - Inorganic fertilizers, Fertilizer - Organic fertilizers, Fertilizer - Environmental effects of fertilizer use, Fertilizer - Sources

Read more here: » Fertilizer: Encyclopedia II - Fertilizer - Inorganic fertilizers