ammonium

Agriculture sometimes refers to subsistence agriculture, the production of enough food to meet just the needs of the farmer/agriculturalist and his/her family. It may also refer to industrial agriculture, (often referred to as factory farming) long prevalent in developed nations and increasingly so elsewhere, which consists of obtaining financial income from the cultivation of land to yield produce, the commercial raising of animals (animal husbandry), or both. Agriculture is also short for the study of the practice of agriculture—more formally known as agricultural science. Agricultural students are k ...

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Agriculture, Agriculture - Overview, Agriculture - History, Agriculture - Crops, Agriculture - World production of major crops in 2004, Agriculture - Crop improvement, Agriculture - Environmental problems, Agriculture - Policy, Agriculture - Agricultural Revolutions, Agriculture - Methods

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The families of Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae are the best-known and most speciose groups of pitcher plants. The Nepenthaceae contains a single genus, Nepenthes, containing about 70 species and numerous hybrids and cultivars. In these Old World pitcher plants, the pitchers are borne at the end of tendrils that extend from the midrib of an otherwise unexceptional leaf. The plants themselves are often climbers, accessing the canopy of their habitats using the aforementioned tendrils, although others are found on t ...

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Pitcher plant, Pitcher plant - Types of pitcher plant, Pitcher plant - Localities, Pitcher plant - Reference

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There are five basic trapping mechanisms that have evolved in carnivorous plants. These are: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants), which trap prey in a rolled leaf that contains a pool of digestive enzymes and/or bacteria; Flypaper traps, which trap prey using a sticky mucilage; Snap traps, which trap prey with rapid leaf movements; Bladder traps, which suck in prey with a bladder that generates an internal vacuum; Lobster-pot traps, which use inward pointing hair ...

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Carnivorous plant, Carnivorous plant - Trapping mechanisms, Carnivorous plant - Pitfall traps, Carnivorous plant - Flypaper traps, Carnivorous plant - Snap traps, Carnivorous plant - Bladder traps, Carnivorous plant - Lobster-pot traps, Carnivorous plant - Borderline carnivores, Carnivorous plant - Evolution, Carnivorous plant - Ecology and modelling of carnivory, Carnivorous plant - Classification, Carnivorous plant - Dicots, Carnivorous plant - Monocots, Carnivorous plant - Cultivation, Carnivorous plant - Pop culture

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The function of carbohydrates includes energy storage and providing structure. Sugars are carbohydrates, although there are carbohydrates that are not sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other type of biomolecule. The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio 1:2:1 (generalized formula CnH2nOn, where n is at least 3). Glucose, one of the most important carboyhydrate ...

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Biochemistry, Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry, Biochemistry - Carbohydrates, Biochemistry - Proteins, Biochemistry - Lipids, Biochemistry - Nucleic acids, Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences

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Agriculture can refer to subsistence agriculture, the production of enough food to meet just the needs of the farmer/agriculturalist and his/her family. It may also refer to industrial agriculture, (often referred to as factory farming) long prevalent in "developed" nations and increasingly so elsewhere, which consists of obtaining financial income from the cultivation of land to yield produce, the commercial raising of animals (animal husbandry), or both. Agriculture is also short for the study of the practice of agriculture—more formally known as agricultural science. Agricultural students are k ...

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Agriculture, Agriculture - Overview, Agriculture - History, Agriculture - Crops, Agriculture - Seed Testing, Agriculture - World production of major crops in 2004, Agriculture - Crop improvement, Agriculture - Environmental problems, Agriculture - Policy, Agriculture - Agricultural Revolutions, Agriculture - Methods

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Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell; it is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied and the liquid boils at -33.7 °C, and solidifies at -75 °C to a mass of white crystals. Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionizing powers (ε = 22), and solutions of salts in liquid ammonia have been much studied. Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization (23.35 kJ/mol, c.f. water 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in non-insulated vessels at room temperature, even thou ...

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Ammonia, Ammonia - History, Ammonia - Production, Ammonia - Properties, Ammonia - Formation of salts, Ammonia - Acidity, Ammonia - Formation of other compounds, Ammonia - Ammonia as a ligand, Ammonia - Uses, Ammonia - Liquid ammonia as a solvent, Ammonia - Solubility of salts, Ammonia - Solutions of metals, Ammonia - Redox properties of liquid ammonia, Ammonia - Detection and determination, Ammonia - Safety precautions, Ammonia - Toxicity, Ammonia - Household use, Ammonia - Laboratory use of ammonia solutions, Ammonia - Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid, Ammonia - Reference, Ammonia - Bibliography

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The word "alumen," which we translate "alum," occurs in Pliny's Natural History. In the 15th chapter of his 35th book he gives a detailed description of it. By comparing this with the account of stupteria given by Dioscorides in the 123rd chapter of his 5th book, it is obvious that the two are identical. Pliny informs us that alumen was found naturally in the earth. He calls it salsugoterrae. Different substances were distinguished by the name of "alumen"; but they were all characterized by a certain degree of astringency, and ...

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Alum, Alum - Alchemical and later discoveries and uses, Alum - Pliny's writings, Alum - Alum from alunite, Alum - Alum from clays or bauxite, Alum - Types of alum, Alum - Potash alum, Alum - Soda alum, Alum - Chrome alum, Alum - Ammonium alum, Alum - Alum solubility, Alum - Uses

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Historically it was considered one of the four alchemical "spirits". The way that it dissociates into two corrosive materials (ammonia and hydrochloric acid) which attack metals convinced some eager alchemists that it might hold the key to converting one metal to another, Arabs used it as a source of ammonia: 2NH4Cl + 2CaO → CaCl2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3 It is used in manufacturing ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4): NaClO4 + NH4Cl → NH4See also:

Ammonium chloride, Ammonium chloride - Uses, Ammonium chloride - In history

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From the outdoor ponds and glass jars of antiquity, modern aquaria have evolved into a wide range of specialized systems. Aquaria can vary in size from a small bowl large enough for a single small fish, to the huge public aquaria that can simulate entire marine ecosystems. The most successful aquaria, as judged by the long-term survivability of its inhabitants, carefully emulate the natural environment ...

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Aquarium, Aquarium - History and development, Aquarium - Etymology, Aquarium - Ancient practices, Aquarium - Glass enclosures, Aquarium - Popularization, Aquarium - Function and design, Aquarium - Design, Aquarium - Classifications, Aquarium - Species selection, Aquarium - Source of aquarium inhabitants, Aquarium - Ecology, Aquarium - Nitrogen cycle, Aquarium - Other nutrient cycles, Aquarium - Biological loading, Aquarium - Public aquaria

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Salt - Consistency. Salts are usually solid crystals with a relatively high melting point. However, there exist salts that are liquid at room temperature, so-called ionic liquids. Inorganic salts usually have a low hardness and a low compressibility, similar to edible salt. Salt - Color. Salts can be clear and transparent (sodium chloride), opaque (titanium dioxide), and even meta ...

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Salt, Salt - Appearance, Salt - Consistency, Salt - Color, Salt - Taste, Salt - Odor, Salt - Nomenclature, Salt - Formation

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Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds. Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere is relatively non-reactive, but in nature it is slowly converted into biologically (and industrially) useful compounds by some living organisms, notably certain bacteria (see Biological role below). The ability to combine or fix nitrogen is a key feature of modern industrial chemistry, where nitrogen (along with natural gas) is converted into ammonia (via the Haber process). Ammonia, in turn, can be used directly (primarily as a fer ...

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Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - History, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

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Agriculture - World production of major crops in 2004. In millions of metric tons, based on FAO estimates[2]: By crop types Cereals 2,264 Vegetables and melons 866 Roots and Tubers 715 Milk 619 Fruit 503 Meat 259 Oilcrops 133 Fish 130 (2001 estimate) Eggs 63 Pulses 60 Vegetable Fiber 30 By individual crops Sugar Cane 1,324 Maize 721 Wheat 627 Rice 605 Potatoes 328 Sugar Beet 249 Soybean 204 Oil Palm Fruit 162 ...

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Agriculture, Agriculture - Overview, Agriculture - History, Agriculture - Crops, Agriculture - World production of major crops in 2004, Agriculture - Crop improvement, Agriculture - Environmental problems, Agriculture - Policy, Agriculture - Agricultural Revolutions, Agriculture - Methods

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Archaeobotanists/Paleoethnobotanists have traced the selection and cultivation of specific food plant characteristics, such as a semi-tough rachis and larger seeds, to just after the Younger Dryas (about 9,500 BC) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. Limited anthropological and archaeological evidence both indicate a grain-grinding culture farming along the Nile in the 10th millennium BC using the world's earliest known type of sickle blades. There is even earlier evidence for conscious cultivation and seasonal ...

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Agriculture, Agriculture - Overview, Agriculture - History, Agriculture - Crops, Agriculture - World production of major crops in 2004, Agriculture - Crop improvement, Agriculture - Environmental problems, Agriculture - Policy, Agriculture - Agricultural Revolutions, Agriculture - Methods

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Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginning of the nephron. It is the nephron's initial filtering component. Nephron - Glomerulus. Main articles: Glomerulus (kidney), and [[{{{2}}}]], and See also:

Nephron, Nephron - Renal corpuscle, Nephron - Glomerulus, Nephron - Bowman's capsule, Nephron - Renal tubule, Nephron - Proximal tubule, Nephron - Loop of Henle, Nephron - Distal convoluted tubule, Nephron - Collecting duct, Nephron - Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Nephron - Clinical relevance

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It was first synthesized by Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan circa (740 AD). A myth says sal ammoniac was named after it was observed in the Temple of Zeus-Ammon in Egypt; its name means "salt of Ammon". It was the white crystalline substance that remained on the ceiling and walls after camel dung was burnt. The modern name "ammonium" comes from sal ammoniac. The substance was known as nushadir salt (Arabic and Persian: نشادر) in Arabic-speaking countres and Persia, naosha (Chinese: 硇砂; Pinyin: náos ...

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Ammonium chloride, Ammonium chloride - Uses, Ammonium chloride - In history

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Archaeobotanists have traced the selection and cultivation of specific food plant characteristics, such as a semi-tough rachis and larger seeds, to just after the Younger Dryas (about 9,500 BC) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. Limited anthropological and archaeological evidence both indicate a grain-grinding culture farming along the Nile in the 10th millennium BC using the world's earliest known type of sickle blades. There is even earlier evidence for conscious cultivation and seasonal harvest: grains of ...

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Agriculture, Agriculture - Overview, Agriculture - History, Agriculture - Crops, Agriculture - World production of major crops in 2004, Agriculture - Crop improvement, Agriculture - Environmental problems, Agriculture - Policy, Agriculture - Agricultural Revolutions, Agriculture - Methods

Read more here: » Agriculture: Encyclopedia II - Agriculture - History

Due to its highly effective ability to harden platinum and palladium, ruthenium is used in Pt and Pd alloys to make severe wear resistance electrical contacts. 0.1% ruthenium is added to titanium to improve its corrosion resistance a hundredfold. Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst: Hydrogen sulfide can be split by light by using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. This may be useful in the removal of H2S from oil refin ...

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Ruthenium, Ruthenium - Notable characteristics, Ruthenium - Applications, Ruthenium - History, Ruthenium - Occurrence, Ruthenium - Compounds, Ruthenium - Isotopes, Ruthenium - Organometallic chemistry, Ruthenium - Precautions

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Conventional wisdom has held that consumption of too much calcium can aggravate the development of kidney stones, since the most common type of stone is calcium oxalate. However, strong evidence has accumulated demonstrating that low-calcium diets are associated with higher stone risk and vice-versa for the typical stone former. Other examples of kidney stones include struvite (magnesium, ammonium and phosphate), uric acid, calcium phosphate, or cystine (the amino acid found only in people suffering from cystinuria). The formation of ...

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Kidney stone, Kidney stone - Aetiology, Kidney stone - Symptoms, Kidney stone - Diagnosis & Investigation, Kidney stone - Treatment, Kidney stone - Secondary Prevention, Kidney stone - More information

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Originally, it was generally believed that life was not subject to the laws of science the way nonlife was. It was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life (from other, previously existing biomolecules). Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper about the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially. The dawn of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833 by Anselme Payen. It is generally accepted that the term biochemistry was coi ...

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Biochemistry, Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry, Biochemistry - Carbohydrates, Biochemistry - Proteins, Biochemistry - Lipids, Biochemistry - Nucleic acids, Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences

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It is quite easy to form compounds with carbon ruthenium bonds, these compounds tend to be darker and react more quickly than the osmium compounds. Recently Prof Tony Hill and his co-workers have been making compounds of ruthenium in which a boron atom binds to the metal atom. The organometallic ruthenium compound that is easiest to make is RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3. This compound has two forms (yellow and pink) that are identical onc ...

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Ruthenium, Ruthenium - Notable characteristics, Ruthenium - Applications, Ruthenium - History, Ruthenium - Occurrence, Ruthenium - Compounds, Ruthenium - Isotopes, Ruthenium - Organometallic chemistry, Ruthenium - Precautions

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Borate salts were used in the past to fight wildfires but were found to sterilize the soil and were toxic to animals. Newer retardants use ammonium sulfate or ammonium polyphosphate with attapulgite clay thickener or diammonium phosphate with a guar gum derivative thickener. These are not only less toxic but act as fertilizers to help the regrowth of plants after the fire (however, the retardants can be toxic to fish if accidentally dropped in water and then exposed to sunlight). Fire retardants contain wetting agents, preservatives and rust ...

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Aerial firefighting, Aerial firefighting - Equipment, Aerial firefighting - Fire retardant, Aerial firefighting - Tactics

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This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in Pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. This metal is commercially isolated through a complex chemical process in which hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder. The powder is then consolidated by powder metall ...

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Ruthenium, Ruthenium - Notable characteristics, Ruthenium - Applications, Ruthenium - History, Ruthenium - Occurrence, Ruthenium - Compounds, Ruthenium - Isotopes, Ruthenium - Organometallic chemistry, Ruthenium - Precautions

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