A Wisdom Archive on Aminoglycoside

Neomycin has a broad spectrum of effect, killing both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is relatively toxic to humans, and some people have allergic reactions to it. Neomycin is used in the laboratory in agar plates when culturing organisms anaerobically. Neomycin stops the growth of gram-negative bacilli and staphylcocci, allowing Streptococcus species to grow more abundantly. ...

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Renal failure is generally diagnosed either when creatinine or blood urea nitrogen tests are markedly elevated in an ill patient, especially when oliguria is present. Previous measurements of renal function may offer comparison, which is especially important if a patient is known to have chronic renal failure as well. If the cause is not apparent, a large amount of blood tests and examination of a urine specimen is typically performed to elucidate the cause of acute renal failure. Blood tests generally include liver function tests, electroly ...

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Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system. Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system. General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diure ...

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Cystic fibrosis was first described as a disease in the late 1930s by Dorothy Hansine Andersen. It is the most common genetic disease among people with European ancestry. Approximately one in every 25 people of European descent is a carrier of one of the cystic fibrosis mutations, having one normal gene and one CF gene. Since cystic fibrosis is recessive, both copies of the gene have to be CF genes to cause the symptoms that occur in about 1 in every 2500 children. The high incidence of this lethal gene can be explained by the fact that CF c ...

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The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of receptors, to design chemicals that act on specific cellular signalling or metabolic pathways by affecting sites directly on cell-surface receptors (which modulate and mediate cellul ...

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Daily chest physiotherapy and aerosol breathing treatments are very commonly prescribed for CF treatment. Typical physical therapy involves manual chest percussion (pounding), positive pressure techniques and/devices or possibly using a device such as the ThAIRapy Vest or the Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilator (IPV) to achieve the same effect: loosening of the thick mucus. Aerosolized medicines commonly given include albuterol, ipratropium bromide and Pulmozyme to loosen secretions and decrease inflammation. It was found that CFers who sur ...

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The first manifestation of CF is sometimes meconium ileus, occuring in 16% of infants who develop CF. [1] Other symptoms of CF usually develop during early childhood. Both lungs and pancreas produce abnormally viscous mucus. This mucus begins to build up and starts to clog the opening to the pancreas and the lungs. The mucus in the lungs can become a growth medium for bacteria, resulting in chronic respiratory infections and eventual permanent damage to the lung tissue. A chronic and loose sounding cough is common in people with CF. T ...

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Cystic fibrosis - Cross-infection. In the past, CF patients often participated in summer "CF Camps" and other recreational gatherings. However, concern for cross-infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, Burkholderia cepacia, and other bacteria have largely ended these social events. These infections thrive in the thick mucus of CF patients' lungs and cause complications and possibly death. Therefore CF patients who do not have a certain bacteria type cannot meet with those who do. Because of thi ...

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Acute renal failure is usually reversible if treated promptly and appropriately. The main interventions are monitoring fluid intake and output as closely as possible; insertion of a urinary catheter is useful for monitoring urine output as well as relieving possible bladder outlet obstruction, such as with an enlarged prostate. In both hypovolemia and intrinsic causes (acute tubular necrosis) administering intravenous fluids is typically the first step to improve renal function. If a central venous catheter is used, a central venous pressure ...

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Most cases of pneumonia can be treated without hospitalization. Typically, oral antibiotics, rest, fluids, and home care are sufficient for complete resolution. However, people with pneumonia who are having trouble breathing, people with other medical problems, and the elderly may need more advanced treatment. If the symptoms get worse, the pneumonia does not improve with home treatment, or complications occur, the per ...

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Hearing impairment - Approaches. In addition to hearing aids there exist cochlear implants of increasing complexity and effectiveness. These are useful in treating the mild to profound hearing impairment when the onset follows the acquisitions of language and in some cases in children whose hearing loss came before language was acquired. Recent research shows variations in effacacy but some promising studies[7] show that if implanted at a very young age, some profoundly impaired children can acquire effective hearing and speech. < ...

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There are four major causes of hearing loss: genetic, disease processes affecting the ear, medication and physical trauma. Hearing impairment - Genetic. Hearing loss can be inherited. Both dominant and recessive genes exist which can cause mild to profound impairment. If a family has a dominant gene for deafness it will persist across generations because it will manifest itself in the offspring even if it is inherited from only one parent. If a family had genetic hearing impairment caused by a recessive gene it will not always be apparent as it will have t ...

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Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Amikacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Amikacin may be administered once or twice a day but must be given by the intravenous or intramuscular route. There is no oral form available. Dosage ...

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