Amenemhat I was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty (the dynasty debated to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt). Amenemhet I was not of royal lineage, and hence took measures to assure the authority of his kingship, such as including literary works (the Prophecy of Neferti) and the revertion to the pyramid-style complexes of the 6th dynasty rulers. Amenemhet I also moved the capital ...

Read more here: » Amenemhat I: Encyclopedia - Amenemhat I

See also:

Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Eleventh Dynasty, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties

Read more here: » Middle Kingdom of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Twelfth Dynasty

Around 2055 BCE, Mentuhotep II from Thebes ended this period of unrest and united the country again. He installed a new administration and started a royal scale builing programme. There is also good evidence for military campaigns against foreigns countries. Amenemhat I moved the capital to North Egypt (Lower Egypt). His son, Senusret I, co-reigned with him until Amenemhat was assassinated. Senusret I was able to take control immediately without the country degenerating in ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom

birth name: Hor throne name: Auibre Hor was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears in the Turin King List as Aut-ib-Rê. He most likely reigned only for a short time, not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was in this dynasty still the common burial place for kings. Hor is mainly known from his burial in a shaft tomb found at Dahshur next to the pyramid of king Amenemhat III. The tomb was found essentially intact and still contained the partly gilded coffin of the king, a naos with a statue, some jewelry, the canopic box with canopic vessels, two i ...

Including:

• Hor - Reference

Read more here: » Hor: Encyclopedia - Hor

(3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) 20th century BC - Events. 2064 – 1986 BC -- Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt. 1991 BC -- Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty. 1932 BC -- Amorite conquest of Ur. 1913 – 1903 BC -- Egyptian-Nubian war. 1900 BC -- Achaean invasions of Greece. around 1900 BC -- Fall of last Sumerian dynasty. < ...

Including:

• 20th century BC - Events
• 20th century BC - Significant persons
• 20th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions

Read more here: » 20th century BC: Encyclopedia - 20th century BC

Pharaoh ( Arabic فرعون) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. Pharaoh - Etymology. The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words Pr-Aa meaning "Great House." Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty (1539-1292 BC). By the Twenty-Second Dynasty (c. 945-c. 720 BC) this usage ...

Including:

• Pharaoh - Etymology
• Pharaoh - Open problems
• Pharaoh - Regalia and titles
• Pharaoh - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pharaoh: Encyclopedia - Pharaoh

The following are unsolved problems in Egyptology and modern knowledge of ancient Egypt. This includes a list of ancient Egypt mysteries. List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction. There are many open problems concerning Ancient Egypt, including some with no satisfactory solution. Experts may suggest solutions to many of these questions; others may never be solved. Egyptian archaeology is in a state of constant transition, with much of the terminology and chronology in disp ...

Including:

• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Origins
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - The Pharaohs
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Temples and pyramids
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Burial and tombs
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Biblical
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Technology
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Language and the arts
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Miscellaneous
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Further reading and other publications

Read more here: » List of unsolved problems in Egyptology: Encyclopedia - List of unsolved problems in Egyptology

Egyptologists consider the Old Kingdom as beginning with the Third Dynasty, and around the time of the Fourth Dynasty, the art of embalming began. History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation. A cautionary note about embalming, mummification and preservation: To embalm and to mummify essentially mean the same thing. To embalm (from Latin in balsamum, meaning to "put into balsam," a mixture of aromatic resins) and the process of mummification are very similar in that corpses we ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom

There are many open problems concerning Ancient Egypt, including some with no satisfactory solution. Experts may suggest solutions to many of these questions; others may never be solved. Egyptian archaeology is in a state of constant transition, with much of the terminology and chronology in dispute. The archeological record is incomplete, with some relics and artifacts missing or destroyed. New archaeological discoveries can call into question previous conclusions about Ancient Egypt. Furthermore, there are internal problems of overall cohesion of various dynasties and there are problems re ...

See also:

List of unsolved problems in Egyptology, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Origins, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - The Pharaohs, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Temples and pyramids, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Burial and tombs, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Biblical, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Technology, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Language and the arts, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Miscellaneous, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Further reading and other publications

Read more here: » List of unsolved problems in Egyptology: Encyclopedia II - List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction

The number of pyramid structures in Egypt today is reported by most sources as being between 80 and 110, with a majority favouring the higher number. The reason for the imprecise nature of the count appears related to the fact that as many smaller pyramids are in a poor state of preservation and appear as little more than mounds of rubble, they are only now being properly identified and studied by archaeologists. Most are grouped in a number of pyramid fields, the most important of which are listed geographically, from north to south, below. Egyptian pyramids - Abu Raw ...

See also:

Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids - Historic development, Egyptian pyramids - Construction, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Rawash, Egyptian pyramids - Giza, Egyptian pyramids - Zawyet el-Aryan, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Sir, Egyptian pyramids - Saqqara, Egyptian pyramids - Dahshur, Egyptian pyramids - Lisht, Egyptian pyramids - Meidum, Egyptian pyramids - Hawarra, Egyptian pyramids - el-Lahun, Egyptian pyramids - Notes

Read more here: » Egyptian pyramids: Encyclopedia II - Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites

The king of Egypt wore a double crown, created from the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. It was adorned by a uraeus, which was doubled under the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite its widespread depiction in royal portraits, no actual ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regal items as his crook and flail, but did not contain a crown. Crowns were assumed to have magical properties, and Brier's speculation is there were items a dead pharaoh could not take with him and, therefore, h ...

See also:

Pharaoh, Pharaoh - Etymology, Pharaoh - Open problems, Pharaoh - Regalia and titles, Pharaoh - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pharaoh: Encyclopedia II - Pharaoh - Regalia and titles

After the death of Rameses XI, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, in the person of Piankh, assumed control of Upper Egypt, ruling from Thebes, with the northern limit of his control ending at Al-Hibah. (The High Priest Herihor had died before Rameses XI, but also was an all-but-independent ruler in the latter days of the king's reign.) The country was once again split into two parts with the priesthood of Amun controlling Upper and Middle Egypt, and the kings, such as Smendes I, controlling the Delta from Tanis as the Twenty-First Dynasty. ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period

Memphis and the Delta region became the target of many attacks from the Assyrians, until Psammetichus managed to reunite Middle and Lower Egypt under his rule forming the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty and the start of the Late Period. Eventually he extended his control over the whole of Egypt in 656 BC and felt strong enough to sever all ties with Assyria, whereby Assyrian control lapsed. The Saite period, as the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty is also known, was a century of revived splendour for Egypt. During the reign of Apries, an army was sent to help the ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period

By the time of the early Dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in visually unremarkable bench-like structures[3] known as mastabas.[4] The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep ...

See also:

Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids - Historic development, Egyptian pyramids - Construction, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Rawash, Egyptian pyramids - Giza, Egyptian pyramids - Zawyet el-Aryan, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Sir, Egyptian pyramids - Saqqara, Egyptian pyramids - Dahshur, Egyptian pyramids - Lisht, Egyptian pyramids - Meidum, Egyptian pyramids - Hawarra, Egyptian pyramids - el-Lahun, Egyptian pyramids - Notes

Read more here: » Egyptian pyramids: Encyclopedia II - Egyptian pyramids - Historic development

The Eighteenth Dynasty marks the beginning of the New Kingdom. Various pharaohs extended the control of Egypt further than ever before, retaking control of Nubia and extending power northwards into the Upper Euphrates, the lands of the Hittites, and Mitanni. History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty. This was a time of great wealth and power for Egypt. By the time of Amenophis III (1417 BC–1379 BC), Egypt had become so wealthy that he did nothing to further extend its powers and instead rested upon h ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom

There are several open problems concerning ancient Egyptian history. Conclusions on the origins of the Hyksos and their first leaders are disputed. It is unclear if the "Nubian Dark Age" really occurred in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. There is question if the First Intermediate Period of Egypt really was a Dark Age. It is unknown why there were Minoan paintings in Avaris. The exact relationship between the Minoan civilization and the Egyptian civilization is debated. The Battle of Kad ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

This era includes the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties and into the First Intermediate Period. The Old Kingdom became weakened by famine and weak leadership. One theory holds that a sudden, unanticipated, catastrophic reduction in the Nile floods over two or three decades, caused by a global climatic cooling, reduced the amount of rainfall in Egypt, Ethiopia, and East Africa, contributing to the great famine and subsequent downfall of the Old Kingdom. The last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty was Pepi II, who was believed to have reigned for 94 ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period

Egyptian history is broken into several different periods according to the dynasty of the ruling pharaoh. The dating of events in Egyptian history is still a subject of research. The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of about three millennia. The following is the list according to conventional Egyptian chronology. Predynastic Period (Prior to 3100 BC) Protodynastic Period (Approximately 3100 - 3000 BC) Early Dynastic Period (1st–2nd Dynasties) Old Kingdom ( ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology

Along the Nile, in the 10th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had become replaced by another culture of hunters, fishers and gathering peoples using stone tools. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, eventually forming the Sahara (c. 2500 BC). Early tribes naturally migrated to the Nile river where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society (see Nile: History). Evidence of pastoralism and cultivat ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period

The origins of the unified Egyptian state are unclear, and there are no contemporary sources, and later sources are unclear and contradictory. Around 3100 BC a king unified the whole of the Nile Valley between the Delta and the First Cataract at Aswan, with the centre of power in Memphis. Traditionally (according to Manetho), this king was known as Menes. This king may be identified as one the individuals kno ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period