AM stereo

Indigos of all ages are frustrated by the shallowness of society at large, because they like to dig deeply into things that interest them. If TLC or the Discovery channel runs an in-depth series of documentaries on a subject the Indigo is interested in, they are in hog heaven. But heaven forbid if the subject is superficially approached or lightly referred to, because Indigos want to know EVERYTHING, and RIGHT NOW. (And I say, thank God and the Cold War for the Internet.)

(See also: Indigo Children, What is Indigo Children, Parenting Indigo Children, Adult Indigo, Indigo Children Channeling)

Read more here: » Indigo Children: Some Guidance from an Elder Indigo  

FAQs on Feng Shui

Here are some FAQs or frequently asked questions regarding feng shui.

Read more here: » Feng Shui: FAQs on Feng Shui

In the United States, frequency-modulated broadcasting stations operate in a frequency band extending from 87.8 MHz to 108.0 MHz, for a total of 20.2 MHz. It is divided into 100 channels, each 0.2 MHz wide, designated "channel 200" through "channel 300." In actual practice, no one (except the FCC) uses these channel numbers; the frequencies are used instead. To receive a station, an FM receiver is tuned to the center frequency of the station's channel. The lowest channel, channel 200, extends from 87.8 MHz to 88.0 MHz; thus its center ...

See also:

FM broadcasting in the USA, FM broadcasting in the USA - History of FM radio in the US, FM broadcasting in the USA - FM radio channel assignments in the US

Read more here: » FM broadcasting in the USA: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcasting in the USA - FM radio channel assignments in the US

FM broadcasting - Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. Random noise has a 'triangular' spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within the baseband. This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain freque ...

See also:

FM broadcasting, FM broadcasting - Technical characteristics, FM broadcasting - Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, FM broadcasting - FM stereo, FM broadcasting - Other services

Read more here: » FM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcasting - Technical characteristics

AM radio is radio broadcasting using Amplitude Modulation. AM broadcasting - History. AM was the dominant method of broadcasting during the first two thirds of the 20th century and remains widely used into the 21st. The Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook list approximately 16,265 AM stations worldwide. AM radio began with the first, experimental broadcast in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, and was used for small-scale voice and music broadcasts up until World War I. The great increa ...

Including:

• AM broadcasting - History
• AM broadcasting - Operation
• AM broadcasting - Frequencies
• AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio
• AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods
• AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia - AM broadcasting

1985 (MCMLXXXV) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 1985 - Events. 1985 - January. January 1 - The first British mobile phone call is made (by Ernie Wise to Vodafone). January 3 - Finnish government announces that a Soviet cruise missile has fallen into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland January 17 - British Telecom announces it is going to phase out its famous red telephone boxes. January 21 - U.S. Pres ...

Including:

• 1985 - Events
• 1985 - January
• 1985 - February
• 1985 - March
• 1985 - April
• 1985 - May
• 1985 - June
• 1985 - July
• 1985 - August
• 1985 - September
• 1985 - October
• 1985 - November
• 1985 - December
• 1985 - Environmental and weather change
• 1985 - Unknown date
• 1985 - Births
• 1985 - Deaths
• 1985 - Nobel Prizes
• 1985 - Templeton Prize
• 1985 - Right Livelihood Award

Read more here: » 1985: Encyclopedia - 1985

Main article: History of radio, FM radio. In the United States, FM radio stations broadcast at frequencies of 88–108 MHz. FM radio, and later stereo FM radio, were both developed in the United States primarily by Edwin Armstrong. W1XOJ was the first FM radio station, granted a construction permit by the FCC in 1937. On January 5, 1940 FM radio was demonstrated to the FCC for the firs ...

See also:

FM broadcasting in the USA, FM broadcasting in the USA - History of FM radio in the US, FM broadcasting in the USA - FM radio channel assignments in the US

Read more here: » FM broadcasting in the USA: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcasting in the USA - History of FM radio in the US

1985 - January. January 1 - The first British mobile phone call is made (by Ernie Wise to Vodafone). January 3 - Finnish government announces that a Soviet cruise missile has fallen into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland January 17 - British Telecom announces it is going to phase out its famous red telephone boxes. January 21 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan is sworn in for a second term in office. January 23 - A debate in the British House of Lords is televised for the f ...

See also:

1985, 1985 - Events, 1985 - January, 1985 - February, 1985 - March, 1985 - April, 1985 - May, 1985 - June, 1985 - July, 1985 - August, 1985 - September, 1985 - October, 1985 - November, 1985 - December, 1985 - Environmental and weather change, 1985 - Unknown date, 1985 - Births, 1985 - Deaths, 1985 - Nobel Prizes, 1985 - Templeton Prize, 1985 - Right Livelihood Award

Read more here: » 1985: Encyclopedia II - 1985 - Events

1985 - January. January 1 - The first British mobile phone call is made (by Ernie Wise to Vodafone). January 3 - Finnish government announces that a Soviet cruise missile has fallen into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland January 17 - British Telecom announces it is going to phase out its famous red telephone boxes. January 21 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan is sworn in for a second term in office. January 23 - A debate in the British House of Lords is televised for the first time. January 31 - At 12:20am Nicholas Haring was born!! Let us al ...

See also:

1985, 1985 - Events, 1985 - January, 1985 - February, 1985 - March, 1985 - April, 1985 - May, 1985 - June, 1985 - July, 1985 - August, 1985 - September, 1985 - October, 1985 - November, 1985 - December, 1985 - Environmental and weather change, 1985 - Unknown date, 1985 - Births, 1985 - Deaths, 1985 - Nobel Prizes, 1985 - Templeton Prize, 1985 - Right Livelihood Award

Read more here: » 1985: Encyclopedia II - 1985 - Events

1985 in Australia - Unknown Dates. Melbourne celebrates its 150th anniversary Capital gains tax is introduced New South Wales abolishes capital punishment for treason & piracy with violence, thereby abolishing capital punishment from Australia. ...

See also:

1985 in Australia, 1985 in Australia - Incumbents, 1985 in Australia - Events, 1985 in Australia - Unknown Dates, 1985 in Australia - Arts and literature, 1985 in Australia - Film, 1985 in Australia - Television, 1985 in Australia - Sport, 1985 in Australia - Births, 1985 in Australia - Deaths

Read more here: » 1985 in Australia: Encyclopedia II - 1985 in Australia - Events

Stereophonic sound - 1881. Clément Ader demonstrated the first two-channel audio system in Paris in 1881, with a series of telephone transmitters connected from the stage of the Paris Opera to a suite of rooms at the Paris Electrical Exhibition, where listeners could hear a live transmission of performances through receivers for each ear. Scientific American reported, Every one who has been fortunate enough to hear the telephones at the Palais de l'Industrie has remarked that, in listening wi ...

See also:

Stereophonic sound, Stereophonic sound - Stereo recording, Stereophonic sound - Various methods of stereo recording, Stereophonic sound - X-Y technique: intensity sterophony, Stereophonic sound - A-B technique: time-of-arrival sterophony, Stereophonic sound - Near-coincident technique: mixed stereophony, Stereophonic sound - Binaural recording, Stereophonic sound - Using a model of a human head, Stereophonic sound - Playing back stereo recordings, Stereophonic sound - Broadcasting in stereo, Stereophonic sound - Radio, Stereophonic sound - Television, Stereophonic sound - History, Stereophonic sound - 1881, Stereophonic sound - 1930s, Stereophonic sound - 1940 to 1970, Stereophonic sound - Common usage, Stereophonic sound - Balance, Stereophonic sound - Other uses of the word

Read more here: » Stereophonic sound: Encyclopedia II - Stereophonic sound - History

Quadrature amplitude modulation - Transmitter. The following picture shows the ideal structure of a QAM transmitter: First the flow of bits to be transmitted is split into two equal parts: this process generates two independent signals to be transmitted. They are encoded separately just like they were in an ASK modulator. Then one channel (the one "in phase") is multiplied by a cosine, while the other channel ("in quadrature") is multiplied by a sine. This way there is a phase of 90° between them. They are simply added one to the other and sent through the real channel.

See also:

Quadrature amplitude modulation, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Overview, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Ideal structure, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Transmitter, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Receiver, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Performance, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Definitions, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Rectangular QAM, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Odd-k QAM, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Non-rectangular QAM

Read more here: » Quadrature amplitude modulation: Encyclopedia II - Quadrature amplitude modulation - Ideal structure

Some well-known music-radio formats are Top 40, Freeform Rock and AOR (Album Oriented Rock). It turns out that most other stations (such as Rhythm & Blues) use a variation of one of these formats with a different playlist. The way stations advertise themselves is not standardized. Some critical interpretation is needed to recognize classic formulas in the midst of the commercial glitz. See List of music radio formats for further details, and note that there is a great deal of format evolution as music tastes a ...

See also:

Music radio, Music radio - How it works, Music radio - Cost of programming, Music radio - Commercial Radio, Music radio - Programming, Music radio - Types of program segment, Music radio - Programming by Time, Music radio - Music formats, Music radio - Top 40, Music radio - Freeform and progressive rock, Music radio - AOR Album-Oriented Rock, Music radio - Oldies Standards and Classic rock, Music radio - Classical pop easy-listening jazz dance, Music radio - Alternative and Modern Rock, Music radio - Country Music, Music radio - Urban Hip-Hop/R&B, Music radio - Public Radio formats, Music radio - Promotional usages, Music radio - Song picking, Music radio - Technology

Read more here: » Music radio: Encyclopedia II - Music radio - Music formats

Digital information is transmitted using COFDM, a modulation method that has been used in a number of different digital television and radio systems, including DVB-T. The audio compression algorithm was initially set to be PAC when iBiquity's standard was first approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002, but the system was changed to the HDC format in 2003. The change was made because the low-bitrate audio for AM stations was described by some as being "underwater", plus the fact that the partially in-house HDC format ha ...

See also:

HD Radio, HD Radio - Overview, HD Radio - AM, HD Radio - FM, HD Radio - Receivers

Read more here: » HD Radio: Encyclopedia II - HD Radio - Overview

Radio stations are of several types. The best known are the AM and FM stations, including both commercial and public or nonprofit varieties. Non-commercial college and university radio stations are found throughout the developed world. Although now being eclipsed by internet-distributed radio, there are many stations that broadcast, using AM technology, on shortwave bands, which can be received thousands of miles away, especially at night. For example, the BBC has a full schedule transmitted via shortwave. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and sunspots.

See also:

Radio station, Radio station - History, Radio station - Types of radio stations, Radio station - AM radio stations, Radio station - FM radio stations, Radio station - Digital radio stations, Radio station - Satellite radio stations, Radio station - Other radio stations, Radio station - Program formats

Read more here: » Radio station: Encyclopedia II - Radio station - Types of radio stations

AM radio is broadcast in on several frequency bands: Long wave is 153–279 kHz; it is not available in the Western Hemisphere, and European 9kHz channel spacing is generally used. Medium wave is 530–1,710 kHz in the Americas and 530-1620 in other parts of the world. In the Americas 10kHz spacing is used; elsewhere it is 9kHz. Short wave is 2,300–26,100 kHz, divided into 15 broadcast bands. Shortwave broadcasts gene ...

See also:

AM broadcasting, AM broadcasting - History, AM broadcasting - Operation, AM broadcasting - Frequencies, AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio, AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods, AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - AM broadcasting - Frequencies

As aerials mostly mast radiators are used. Stations broadcasting with low power commonly use masts with heights of a quarter wavelength, while high power stations mostly use half wavelength. The usage of masts longer than 5/8 of radiated wavelength gives a bad radiation pattern. Usually mast antennas are insulated against ground and show a high voltage against ground during transmission, which complicates maintenance, installation of air safety warning lights or using the mast as a tower for UHF/VHF-radio, but there are severa ...

See also:

Mediumwave, Mediumwave - Antennas, Mediumwave - Non-broadcast use

Read more here: » Mediumwave: Encyclopedia II - Mediumwave - Antennas

1985 - January. January 1 - The first British mobile phone call is made (by Ernie Wise to Vodafone). January 3 - Finnish government announces that a Soviet cruise missile has fallen into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland January 17 - British Telecom announces it is going to phase out its famous red telephone boxes. January 21 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan is sworn in for a second term in office. January 23 - A debate in the British House of Lords is telev ...

See also:

1985, 1985 - Events, 1985 - January, 1985 - February, 1985 - March, 1985 - April, 1985 - May, 1985 - June, 1985 - July, 1985 - August, 1985 - September, 1985 - October, 1985 - November, 1985 - December, 1985 - Environmental and weather change, 1985 - Unknown date, 1985 - Births, 1985 - Deaths, 1985 - Nobel Prizes, 1985 - Templeton Prize, 1985 - Right Livelihood Award

Read more here: » 1985: Encyclopedia II - 1985 - Events

Radio program formats differ by country, regulation and markets. For instance, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited. In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as live broadcasting. As technology for sound recording improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming use ...

See also:

Radio station, Radio station - History, Radio station - Types of radio stations, Radio station - AM radio stations, Radio station - FM radio stations, Radio station - Digital radio stations, Radio station - Satellite radio stations, Radio station - Other radio stations, Radio station - Program formats

Read more here: » Radio station: Encyclopedia II - Radio station - Program formats

As with all modulation schemes, QAM conveys data by changing some aspect of a base signal, the carrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response to a data signal. In the case of QAM, the amplitude of two quadrature waves is changed (modulated or keyed) to represent the data signal. Phase modulation (analogue PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be regarded as a special case of QAM, where the amplitude of the modulating signal is constant, with only the phase varying. This can also be extended to frequency modulation (FM) and frequency-shift keying (FSK), as ...

See also:

Quadrature amplitude modulation, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Overview, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Ideal structure, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Transmitter, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Receiver, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Performance, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Definitions, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Rectangular QAM, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Odd-k QAM, Quadrature amplitude modulation - Non-rectangular QAM

Read more here: » Quadrature amplitude modulation: Encyclopedia II - Quadrature amplitude modulation - Overview